Older and Wiser Essay

Frank Heberer, the Human Resources Manager of Medignostics, finds it difficult to accept the aging employees of his firm as part of an energetic workforce. According to Heberer, the older employees of the company are not as productive as the young. However, Bertha Weber from the marketing department trusts that the older employees of Medignostics are necessary for the firm. She intercedes on behalf of the aging employees of the firm to point out to Heberer that it is only the older employee who truly knows the kind of products to sell other aged people. As an example, Weber mentions the successful arthritis campaign of Medignostics which was spearheaded by an aging employee – somebody who was expected to certainly know more about arthritis than the young employees. Weber also points out to Heberer that he, being only 45 years of age, cannot be expected to successfully market products for the aged people. Rather, it is only the aging employee who understands the aches and pains of old age that can successfully market health products and services for other aging people. In other words, the aging employee of a health products company, or any other organization for that matter, is best qualified to market products for the aged. Not only does the aging marketer know the kinds of products and services needed by the aged, but he also is aware of the kind of marketing communication that is required to reach out to the aged. The aging employee is actually expected to most perfectly understand the marketing mix for products that are especially made for the aged. This employee is in an excellent position to decide on the prices of products to be sold to the aged. Moreover, he knows where to place the products to sell the aged. Yet another advantage of older employees put forth by Weber is that the aging employee knows the company better than anybody else. Having worked for decades with Medignostics, an aging employee understands well the policies of the firm, in addition to its goals and requirements. After all, the aging employee has spent plenty of years trying to improve upon his productivity and efficiency in the company. So, Weber refers to the â€Å"experience† of the older employee being of special significance to the company, seeing that the older employee is in a better position to take the company forward with his experiences of success and failure at Medignostics. To put it another way, the aging employee knows what works and what does not work at his firm. The young employee, on the other hand, would take his time to realize the basics of the company before he can even think of taking the company forward with his youthful energy that Heberer would like to fill the company with in place of the old employees. Weber believes that the older employees still have a lot to offer Medignostics. The 58-year-old Hausmann who has worked for the firm for 20 years has been seen to consistently improve his performance. He moved up in organizational rank from bookkeeping to account management. Weber would like Heberer to keep Hausmann employed, the reason being that Hausmann and other aging employees continue to have a lot to offer Medignostics. If Hausmann is not productive in his present function at the company, perhaps Weber would suggest that the older employee must be given a new job function to perform. After all, older employees may not only be extremely useful in marketing to all ages – seeing as they have lived through them all – but also in the area of organizational counseling. The wisdom of the older employees may benefit young employees tremendously. Older employees may also be given the chance to select their new job functions where they would be most productive, given that the organization trusts them more than it would trust its new employees. Hence, Weber would like Heberer to trust the fact that the older employee is truly wiser.

Computer Software Essay

What Is Computer Software? When you think of a computer imagine a machine made of two parts. The first part is the computer hardware, the physical parts of the computer that you can actually touch. Some examples of hardware are disks, monitors, boards, chips, etc. Hardware does all of the physical work of the computer, from memory storage to display. The second part, what we call â€Å"computer software†, acts as the brain of the computer, telling the hardware what to do and when and how to do it. Think of a computer as a living being † in this example, the hardware would be the ody, the eyes, the limbs, the lungs, etc. Computer software would be the mind, interpreting sounds we hear with our ears into recognizable symbols. The â€Å"software† in our brain would tell our other body parts how to behave. Both parts are crucial for the survival of the body. Computer hardware, any single part of a larger machine, is only ever on or off. There are no other states of being for the hardware, and computer hardware operates on a system called â€Å"binary’. Computer software uses this binary code to tell the computer hardware what to do. Computer software translates our human input (clicking a ouse or loading a disk into a drive) into a language that the computer hardware can use to actually perform a function. As such, computer software depends on hardware to survive Just as much as hardware depends on software. Where Does Computer Software Come From? Computer software is usually created by computer programmers using a programming language. The programmer â€Å"learns† a programming language that the computer can use to command the hardware to perform a task. The computer programmer (or software engineer) writes commands in a given programming language tha the computer understands. These â€Å"languages† are not otally like languages you speak, but many of them use our language in a way that makes sense to the programmer. Common commands in programming languages are things like â€Å"if / then† or â€Å"type† or â€Å"function†. These individual commands are called â€Å"code†. Another piece of software called a â€Å"compiler† takes the source code writen by a software engineer and translates it into the language that the computer understands. What starts as a series of translations results in activity at the software and hardware level of a computer known as a computer â€Å"program†. This is Just another word for software.

Explanatory of The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai Essay

Explanatory of The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai - Essay Example Jemubhai Patel is an embittered judge, wounded by his past, which holds both hurtful and glorious memories. It is ironic how much love he can shower on an animal, his pet dog, while he regards other people with distrust. He has shut himself off from all human contact. Sai is the youthful granddaughter who somehow tames Patel’s otherwise dark persona with her feistiness and curiosity. She reminds him of himself when he was a youth. Sai is one person who gives hope that her grandfather will ultimately come out of the tough shell he has built around himself. The cook, Biju’s father is the traditional, superstitious and chatty helper awed by the allures of modernization and is bent on his son to realize the American dream. It is through this cook’s voice that the reader learns a parallel story about love and loss. Patel’s neighbors, Lola and Noni are Anglophiles who might be savvy readers of V.S. Naipaul but who are, perhaps, less aware of how fragile their own social standing is--at least until a surge of unrest disturbs the region. The title of the book is so intriguing. When one hears of an inheritance, it is usually something so precious, so cherished that the next generation anticipates it to be bequeathed with pride and honor. Desai’s Inheritance of Loss truly reflects her adeptness for irony. True, the pathetic state of loss can be inherited and may be passed on to future generations, but how can anyone anticipate such a dreadful fate? The story is delivered in such a compelling way that the reader understands the process of loss of cultural identity being passed on from the elders to the young. The book tells of different stories but anchors its base on Kalimpong in the at the foothills of Mount Kanchenjunga in the northern Himalayas, specifically in the decaying cottage named Cho Oyu, the household of Jemubhai Patel, who lives with his granddaughter, Sai and his beloved dog, Mutt. The

Granada Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Granada - Assignment Example In another ruling the International Court of Justice suggested that the right to self-defense could be invoked in an isolated low-intensity strike.4 Regardless there is a general standard that is safe for self-defense and where authorized by the UN Security Council force may not be used against another state not even for the purpose of â€Å"rescuing one’s nationals abroad, saving aliens from widespread deprivation of human rights† or as a pre-emptive strike â€Å"against a grave but distant threat†.5 The doctrine of ‘opinio juris sive necessitatis’ which allows an opinion of law or a necessity of law together with â€Å"state practice† dictates that the exceptions to the use of force in international law are far more flexible than they were when the UN Charter 1945 came into being.6 Since the end of World War II, the world has changed significantly to the extent that threats may be perceived differently. The invention of nuclear weapons, an i ncrease in international human rights, â€Å"and the emergence of global terrorism† have â€Å"significantly affected attitudes toward permissible uses of force†.7 In assessing current conditions in the world today, Durant and Durant maintain that international law as it is currently constructed cannot adequately regulate peace and security. A State â€Å"must be ready at any moment to defend itself† and â€Å"when its essential interests are involved† a state â€Å"must be allowed to use any means it considers necessary to its survival†.8 Controversy and debate continuously challenged whether or not there are limitations on the right to self-defense. For example, when the US proposed the Kellog-Briant Pact of 1928, the Pact stated that no prohibition on war could restrict the right of a â€Å"sovereign state† to use force in self-defense.9 A similar statement was made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in 1948 which est ablished that state sovereignty alone made self-defense an inherent right.10 The international law on the prohibition against war and the right to self-defense is therefore contested. If the doctrine of opinio juris and state practice creates customary international law, it can be argued that virtually any threat, regardless of how serious might be interpreted as a situation in which the right to self-defense can be invoked. Moreover, if state sovereignty prevails, the inherent right to self-defense gives states the authority to use force against another state for any number of reasons including pre-emptive strikes, or rescuing nationals, or any other purpose that can be peripherally justified, provided the state is protecting its sovereignty. The Invasion of Grenada The US’s invasion of Grenada is just as â€Å"controversial† as the international law prohibiting war except in self-defense.11 When the decision was made to invade Grenada in 1983, it was justified on the grounds that American citizens were in danger and it was necessary to restore peace after a coup. However, it was well-known that the primary goal was to stop the spread of communism anywhere near

Abraham Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Abraham Lincoln - Essay Example Abraham Lincoln was a racist. For approximately 100 years after his death, the African Americans regarded him widely as a paternalistic figure. Modern historians started publicizing the truth that Lincoln was as racist just as other whites of his time. One of the incidents cited as evidence for racism is whereby the blacks had to kneel at Lincoln’s feet. He advocated for the return of newly freed slaves towards Africa and openly stated the primary goal of the civil war being the preservation of the union and not ending the slavery. Lincoln was led by political as opposed to moral reasons as a result of his concern for slavery. His critics used these revelations in order to portray him as being complicit in the creation of false mythology towards personal gain. However, prominent African Americans, as well as the current president, have concluded that Lincoln broached the slavery issue. Albeit Lincoln had no intention of completely ending slavery, his effort of raising the awar eness of the public on the issue deserves credit.In conclusion, Lincoln seems not to have complete emancipation support in the beginning, but this does not mean he was after it personally. His motives are honorable because he was principally and morally at ending slavery. His personal beliefs were always opposed to slavery. He did believe in the effort of the founding fathers who put slavery towards extinction, while he wanted to pursue along that path. He was, however, hesitant at emancipation due to political than other reasons.

International Investment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Investment Law - Essay Example Relevant facts of the dispute This case arises from the privatization program implemented by the Argentine Republic in the early 1990s, including the guarantees they offered to investors buying assets in the electricity sector and the decisions by the respondent in reducing the impact of the Argentine economic crisis in 2001-20021. Prior to the privatization, the electricity assets of the respondent were operated by three companies which were later restructured for privatization based on Decree 634/91 and Law 26,065. Based on these laws, the electricity generation and related matters belonging to the three companies were to be divided into individual units2. The Claimant in this case argued that the impact of the Reform Law destroyed the investments in Transener and declared that the company has already incurred losses due to this law. National Grid later agreed to sell its shares to Dolphin Management in order to mitigate its losses3. Claimant National Grid notified respondent in 20 02 of the investment dispute and sought for the application of Article 3 of the Treaty; they also claimed the benefit of the application of Article 7(2) of the Treaty between the US and Argentina for the protection of their investment and for international arbitration without referral to the Argentina courts. Respondent proposed the suspension of negotiations as their public service contracts were being processed. The claimant declined the proposal to suspend negotiations; the claimant however agreed to meet with authorities for negotiations4. The claimant again expressed its willingness to explore a settlement of the issue; without any response from the respondent, the claimant submitted the case for arbitration. The parties consented. The respondent agreed to the arbitration and claimed its case under the terms of the Treaty which allows the option to settle disputes which may arise with investors who may be nationals of the other State party5. The Claimant submitted to arbitratio n through its notice of arbitration. Based on Article 3.2 of the UNCITRAL Rules, the arbitration started on the date when the Notice of Arbitration was received by the respondent. Findings The tribunal decided that there was no direct or indirect expropriation as National Grid has not been deprived of title to its property and the methods of Argentina in handling the crisis were not equivalent to expropriation6. However, the tribunal ruled that the practice of fair and equitable treatment was violated by Argentina when it did the following: it changed the legal framework which was used as basis by National Grid in its investment; it did not negotiate with National Grid in the implementation of its measures and disposal of its investments; and when it requested for National Grid to abandon its legal remedies in relation to the renegotiation of its investment7. The tribunal also decided that economic difficulties which Argentina found itself in had to be considered. The tribunal then decided that the violation of the fair and equitable standard only happened from the time National Grid asked to renounce its rights, and not from the time the emergency measures were implemented by Argentina8. This made Argentina accountable for the losses of National Grid during the first six months of the crisis. Analysis of the Arbitral Award First of all, the jurisdiction of the Tribunal is based on the instruments of the parties submitting to

Why has it proved so difficult to create an effective International Essay

Why has it proved so difficult to create an effective International Criminal Court - Essay Example It took several meetings between the superior nations such as France, US, UK, China and the Soviet Union to finally agree on the membership terms, bodies and other arrangements that would be necessary to set up the UN, and ensure that it met its international security, social and economic goals. It was officially formed in 1945 with 50 member states and five nations being permanent members and holding the veto power. By 2007, it had 192 member states (Hanhimaki, 2008). The terms and conditions initially set were to be later reviewed and maybe changed or revised, something that has never happened to date. Any decisions made on international security, economic development or social levels have to be approved by the nations holding the veto power first, directly or indirectly before being approved. This has led to power imbalance in the UN with other nations feeling sidelined and having no powers to disagree. The existence and operation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is one of the issues being disagreed upon by member states. Disagreements surround charges taken to it and how it only handles cases from some states and not from others and especially those holding the veto power, leading to it lacking the impartiality necessary in a court of justice. Its operation therefore lacks consensus making it difficult to exist and perform its roles. The fact that the operation of the court from its inception seems to be controlled by a few members has brought about more questions than answers, and led to creation of issues of mistrust of the so called justice being sought in the court. The ICC comes in to deal with crimes that the national courts cannot be able to handle. This is because of lack of ability of a country to address the heinous criminal acts or because of the lack of a government. The national court may also lack capacity to prosecute their own cases and especially those of higher magnitude because of lack of resources or the lack of

The history of united states Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The history of united states - Essay Example These differences emerge in terms of technological, cultural, and artistic change. History of the United States: Technological, Cultural, and Artistic Change The nature of progress throughout time is one of the fundamental differentiating factors between historical eras. While scholars contend that cultural and technological progress has been relatively uniform throughout human history, the explosion of industrial and digital technology throughout the 20th century constituted some of the most noticeable change in terms of lifestyle and culture. Indeed, an examination of the 20th century is impossible without an analysis of the significant progress that was achieved during the century. Through contrasting life during World War I and World II with life today, this essay constitutes a broad ranging investigation of technological, cultural, and artistic change within the United States. ... Life in the United States in 1911 lacked both modern radios and televisions (LeFeber). While radios existed during this period, it wasn’t until 1916 that the first radio emerged where individuals could change the station, greatly expanding the nature of entertainment and radio communication (LeFeber). There were no televisions or computers during this period of American history. One considers that without such technology the means of gaining news of significant cultural events could only be gained from newspapers. Similarly, it was very difficult to remain in contact with family or friends living long distances away, as modern telephone technology and email did not yet exist. In terms of movies, while by World War II there emerged sound films, individuals living at 1911 only could watch silent films. Another important technological consideration occurred in terms of transportation. While the first airplane had been invented at the early part of the 20th century, it wasnâ€℠¢t until 1919 that the first commercial flights emerged, and not until many years later that they would become an affordable option for most Americans (LeFeber). Of course, neither people living during World War I or World War II experienced aeronautical space shuttle technology. When considering technology in terms of lifestyle in 2011 United States it’s clear significant progress has been made since World War II. One considers one of the major changes being the ways that technological progress has changed the way people in American society interact. Today the emergence of social media technology has profoundly changed the way that people interact. Internet sites such as Facebook have made staying in contact with old friends and family as easy as walking to a computer. Similarly economic

National and International Oil Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

National and International Oil Companies - Essay Example The formation of joint ventures to explore oil has always defied all odds because the partnerships are formed across boundaries despite the parties coming from a different geo-political background. For instance, it was quite astonishing that BP formed a joint venture with the Rosneft, a Kremlin based Oil Company (Chzan, 2013). The joint venture was formed to explore the complex oil reserves of Russia thus there was a chance for BP to renew its investments in Russia despite the Sanctions that Moscow had been facing from the West. The joint venture was formed despite the sanctions against the annexation of Crimea but the CEO of BP, Bod Dudley, maintained that the sanctions could not affect investments (BBC NEWS, 2011). Therefore, the two oil giants teamed up to explore resource in central Russia. According to the provisions of the terms of the joint venture, BP was supposed to own 49% of the joint venture while Rosneft was to own 51%. In this case, there was a 4.9 billion share between the two companies (Chzan, 2013). The joint venture is a collaboration between an international private oil company and a national oil company (Brinded, 2010). BP stands in the history as a major oil explorer worldwide whose ownership was privatised or acquired from the government and since then, it has seen tremendous growth in different areas in the world. On the contrary, Rosneft is a Russian National Oil Company and has also been a major player in oil exploration. There are increasing concerns over the fast depleting oil reserves.

Analyse and evaluate the overall HR strategy, especially in relation Coursework

Analyse and evaluate the overall HR strategy, especially in relation to manpower planning and talent management - Coursework Example Therefore, in the perspective of workforce sequences such as change in customer preference and technology in the field of engineering and mechanical design technology. Future oriented organizations such TNNB must consider rethinking of their view of human resource management strategies, which have key internal and external factors affecting them in an organization. Radical changes have to be undertaken in the company regarding various human resource management variables that will help manage current and future human capital in the organization. These factors are social, technological and depend greatly on the environment in which the human capital is located. The organizations success depends on the design and implementation strategy that human resource has. These strategies should be linked to the employee of the organization and other external factors such as the government. Human resource strategies should also analyze all the dimensions of TNNB systems such as nature of staff their skills and abilities, stakeholders and the current market trends in the industry. This will help the management to predict thus manage their labour force leading to maximum labour output. In addition, the culture within the organization, leadership from the two project managers and employee engagement has a crucial role to play in talent retention (Amos 2008 pg45). The management should consider these factors in order to develop an integrated framework in talent management; this will help the organization to develop a pathway for outstanding business performance. In an organizational set up such as TNNB, it is common knowledge that team managers should add more value in the corporation. This will help reduce tension between the two engineering departments. The best strategy of doing this is by converting the engineers and other sub ordinate staff in to business partners of

How does Thomas Hardy create and maintain Essay Example for Free

How does Thomas Hardy create and maintain Essay How does Thomas Hardy create and maintain a sense of mystery and malignant, uncontrollable forces in The withered arm Thomas Hardy creates and maintains mystery and malignant, underlying forces by using symbolic descriptions of the setting, the atmosphere and the strange unguessable plot. Thomas Hardy sets the story in the fictional village of Holmstoke. Holm means home and stoke means fire. This gives two impressions, one of a nice cosy warm story, but it also gives the impression that fire is also connected with bad things like Hell and witchcraft. This makes you start to wonder what the story will be like. Thomas Hardy uses natural settings to contrast with unnatural events or behaviour. The heath is used a lot because of this. He also uses the heath because it helps create atmosphere and because it is outside he also uses the weather to reflect the characters mood. An example of this is when Rhoda and Gertrude cross the heath to see Conjuror Trendle and Rhoda does not want to and would have done anything to escape this enquiry, the weather and the atmosphere reflect her dread of what will happen. The thick clouds made the atmosphere dark and it was only early after noon and the wind howled dismally. Hardy also uses the weather to help him describe the changing of time like at the beginning of a paragraph. All the gossip was going on in winter and by the end of the paragraph its in the spring I think Hardy also uses the changing of the seasons as a sort of metaphor to symbolize the changing of the characters. An example is when Gertrude changes from a very beautiful, perfect, kind and caring girl to a scarred irritable superstitious woman. Hardy also has such large gap in time so the changes in Gertrude are more noticeable. Thomas Hardy also uses characters to help him create mystery and underlying forces especially Rhoda Brook. Rhoda is an outsider and she lives out of the village by herself with her son. Shes a little weird because she never mixes with people. People dont really mix with her because of her sleeping with Lodge and having a baby. People think she is a witch. I think this is because people associate her with Trendle. When Gertrude needed to find Trendle the villagers told her to ask Rhoda and she realized that they thought a sorceress would know the whereabouts of the exorcist. But the mystery really begins when she has her vision and next day Gertrude shows her the mark from the vision which is on her arm. The vision is an important part of the story as it is the start of everything and caused everything. Rhoda can not control what is happening to so it helps maintain the uncontrollable forces which are all through this book. Thomas Hardy uses Conjuror Trendle a lot to help create mystery and uncontrollable forces. Just the fact that conjuror Trendle lives on the heath starts to make the reader feel a sense of mystery because the heath represents the weirdness or the story. Trendle also helps create mystery by doing magic in secret and not openly He did not profess his remedial practises openly and it also helps that he was in disguise. He was disguised as a dealer in furze , turf sharp sand and other local products. He had to be disguised because people in that time were very superstitious. I think Thomas Hardy uses Gertrude to help create a sense of uncontrollable forces, this is because things are happening to her mentally and physically which she has no control over. Also because the things that are happening to her are unexplainable, it helps create and maintain malignant uncontrollable forces. Hardy illustrates this physically when her incredible beauty is which is described as the light under a heap of rose petals becomes ruined and scarred by her withered arm; and mentally when she turns from a very nice person to an irritable, superstitious woman Farmer Lodge is not in the story much but none the less is a very important character, because he is the main reason the whole story happens. He is the center of the love triangle of him Rhoda and Gertrude which is why everything happens. As we dont see him much in the story this makes him more important as it helps add to the mystery. Hardy uses imagery to help the reader mentally see whats happening and also to symbolise things. An example of this at the beginning of the booking the lorn milkmaid Hardy paint us the picture of a lot of milkmaids all sitting together gossiping. This gives the impression that the village is quite a close knit place and that one Rhoda Brooke is all by herself on the side not joining in this gossiping. This gives the impression that she is a sort of outsider which no one wants to be friends with which adds to the mystery. A very important image in the story is the withered arm. It creates mystery because the reader will wonder how it happened and malignant uncontrollable forces because the reader will wonder if Rhoda really is a witch. The main themes of the story are witch craft and passion. The passion is in the love triangle between Farmer Lodge, Gertrude and Rhoda. The witch craft is in the vision Rhoda sees and the physical and mental change in Gertrude. Passion and witch craft are the uncontrollable forces in the withered arm. I think one of the things Hardy is trying to say in this book is that life cant always be explained. Thomas Hardy uses many different languages effects. He uses similes and metaphors, to describe Gertrude her face as comely as a live dolls and her face like the light under a heap of rose petals. Hardy also uses extended imagery when he uses the river outside the executioners house to link him to the village, it stood close to the same stream. He also uses personification in describing the river the waters of which emitted a steady roar. Thomas Hardy shows us which characters are common and which arent by having the common ones use dialect. The only person not to use dialect is Gertrude. Another important factor in creating and maintaining a sense of mystery and malignant uncontrollable forces was the plot. The vision coming true and Rhoda beginning to doubt herself really draws the reader in to the story. I think it was a very effective ending giving no clear answers like yes, Rhoda was a witch or not or no, it was all a coincidence and leaving it up to the reader. That really helps maintain mystery In conclusion I think that by using the characters, settings and a strange plot, Thomas Hardy successfully creates and maintains mystery and malignant forces in the withered arm.

Disempowered Individuals With Learning Disabilities Social Work Essay

Disempowered Individuals With Learning Disabilities Social Work Essay Being in the institution was bad. I got tied up and locked up. I didnt have any clothes of my own, and no privacy. We got beat up at times but that wasnt the worst. The real pain came from being a group. I was never a person. I was part of a group to eat, sleep and everything it was sad. (As cited on Mencap.org) Historically people with learning disabilities have suffered disempowerment by being excluded from mainstream society through segregation in large institutions. ( Wolfensberger, 1972) people were dismpowered by having little control over how they lived their lives. Although the Community Care Act 1990 has resulted in the closure and the resettlement of people with learning disabilities, people are still suffering disempowerment through exclusion by not being able to choose how to live their lives (Ramcharan,et al 1997). Empowerment is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦concerned with how people may gain collective control over their lives, so as to achieve their interests as a group, and a method by which social workers [and other care providers] seek to enhance the power of people who lack it (Thomas and Pierson 1996, p.134). The Same As You? review is the Scottish Governments strategy for learning disability services in Scotland.   The review sets out the Scottish Governments wider policies of social inclusion, equality and fairness to enable changes to happen for the better in the lives of people with learning disabilities. A key area identified within The Same As You? is Person Centred Planning. Person-centred planning means starting with the individual and putting the supports around them that will enable them to have the life that they want. Person centred planning is a tool that can be used to plan with a person. This can be to help the person think about what is important in their life now and also to think about what what they would like in the future. Planning should include the persons circle of support and involve all the people who are important in the persons life. (Stalker and Campbell, 1998). The idea behind person central planning was to respond to problems of social exclusion, disempowerment and de-evalution. Person centred planning was developed in the 1980s by a small number of people including John O Brian and Michael Smull. As a way of enabling people with learning disabilities to move out segregated institutions and back into the main community. Person-centred planning is designed specifically to empower people, to directly support their social inclusion, and to directly challenge devaluation. By looking at what support is needed to allow the person included and involved in the community. (Magito-Mclaughlin et al., 2002). Person centred approaches offer a different alternative to the traditional model of planning used for service provision. The traditional methods of service provision operated around the individual receiving the service, with health and social care professionals making all the decisions on the type of support the individual received. The traditional model was disempowering to people with learning disabilities as it focused on the persons medical problems, ignoring the qualities of the person as human being. (Sanderson, 2003) Person centered planning places the individual at the center of the decision making process, allowing family members to become involved in the planning as Joynab, Mohammeds mother states: Person-centred planning has given us hope and a vision for a better future for Mohammed. We feel now we can have a say in how and what service support he receives. We no longer believe that only professionals know best for our son. Mohammeds faith and cultural needs are recognised and responded to.(DoH, 2010) Person centred planning looks at the persons qualities and is a way of listening to what is important in the persons life. People can direct their own services and supports, in a personalised way rather than attempting to fit within pre-existing service systems. An area where person planning has helped the person by listening to what they want enabling them to direct their services and support is through training and employment. People with learning disabilities have been marginalised from gaining employement, through the employers lack of understanding about learning disabilities and stereotypical beliefs that they are incapable of working. As a mother states I have a son who has Down syndrome..I go to the supermarkets and ask if they could try my son outà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I explain that he has Down syndrome, then they change the subject and say they will give me an application form.I explain my son cannot write, and they tell me he cannot get an interview without an application form.Is this a way of eliminating the disabled? (Anonymous contribution as cited by Williams,2009) People with learning disabilities benefit from working as it helps them to gain fiancial independence and security, increases their self confidence and skills and allows them to socialise. Todd (2002) demonstrates this in his report planning a new future where an agency worked with a young man with autism whose goal in life was to be an airline pilot, even though this goal was unrealistic. The support worker involved in his person-centered plan, suggested and arranged a visit to Heathrow airport once a week. The idea was to find out what interested the young man about being a pilot, was it the flying, planes or uniform? After visiting the airport for a couple of months it became apparent that the baggage carousels captivated him. The young man was then supported to get a part time job as a baggage handler. (Todd, 2002) enabling the person to become part of the community. In a way that values their human rights, gives them independence and choice. Person centred planning has a particular approach that can be used for different individuals in different situations. The four main tools that can implemented include: McGill Action Planning System (MAPS), this process is a useful tool for gathering information in the early stages of planning, helping to identify the person talents and needs. ELP (Essential Lifestyle Planning) is more commonly used to plan for people who are moving out of instititionalised care. Personal Futures Planning is less service based, tending to be used for building relationships with family, friends and fitting into the wider community. PATHS (Planning Alternative Tomorrows and Hope) is used to develop an action plan for the individual. (Stalker and Campbell, 1998, Sanderson, 2000) People with learning disabilities can have communication problems and should not be disregarded from having person centred planning for that reason. There are various techniques that can be used allow a person with a learning disability to communicate in their ideas for the plan, such as Makaton, talking mats, sign language and picture banks. (Grove, 2005) the plan can be done any format that is accessible to the person such as a written document, a drawing or mind map with images or an oral plan recorded on to a compact disc. Plans are the updated when the person wishes to make a change or when they have achieved their goal. Person centred planning is for eveyone, not just for people who can communicate. As it can engage participants personally by allowing them to hear of deeply felt hopes and dreams and fears, even if the person feels they are silly. As the planning process allows the person to break free from the misconceptions and conventions that can harness their future. Some examples of peoples dreams were a young man wanted a trip to Mexico as part of his vision. Another is taking guitar lessons as a way to achieve his goal of being a country and western singer. An older woman, in her plan, decided to retire. Another is taking art classes and learning to paint watercolours. Starting a business, going to college or university, buying a house, these are all things that are possible through person centered planning. (ne-pdd.org) Person centered planning has helped people achieve empowerment is their choice to form relationships, get married or have children. People with learning disabilities have the same need for love and relationships as do all human beings. However this need is not being met for people with a learning disability. Literature on the subject provides information about sexuality in regards to learning disabilities, however it seems to focus on disability and sexuality from the perspective of it being a problem. (Parritt, 2005.) This negative view of people with learning disabilities and sexuality stems from the historical perspective of learning disabilities, where people with disabilities were placed in institutions and segregated (Potts and Fido,1991) This level of control can still be seen today with professionals and families trying to discourage intimacy and relationships, viewing the person with a disability as vulnerable, seen as the eternal child (McCarthy, 1999) Mrs Susan Hurst and Mr Frank Hurst tell their story of Our Wedding, Our Dream where person centred planning enabled them to get married. Mrs Hurst states, some people felt there wasnt a need for us to get married but we wanted what every one else hadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Getting married had always been our dreamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (csrpcp.net) Mr. and Mrs. Hurst describe how the tools of person centered planning enabled them to identify both their hopes, goals and dreams for the future this enabled them both too make all the decisions in planning for their wedding. Mr and Mrs Hurst explain that they even planned their honeymoon and travelled to their honeymoon destination without the aide of support workers, as person centered planning had enabled them to plan ahead of the difficulties that might occur and how the couple would resolve them when on holiday. Without Person centered planning Mr and Mrs Hurst would never have been able to get married or go on honeymoon. Mr and Mrs Hurst felt that person centered planning helped them to achieve their goals enabling them to feel in control of their lives, allowing them to choose their human right to get married and respect for private and family life. (csrpcp.net) There is legislation that supports the rights of people with learning disabilities to have fulfilling relationships and sex lives if that is their choice. (Article 8) states that every human being has a right to respect for private and family life. The Disability Discrimination Act (1995) gives people the right to access family planning clinics and advice centers. People with learning disabilities should be accepted as people who have the same capacity for loving as others in society.(Lesselliers, 1999) Loneliness and isolation may occur through the lack of opportunity to have loving relationships. Therefore person centred planning can enable people with learning disabilities to be empowered by allowing them to make these decisions and choosing how they want to live their lives. person centred planning improves the person quality of life. Increasing the persons right to empowerment through the right to work where they want, where they would like to live and increasing their social network by letting them choose how they would to socialise. (Whitney-Thomas et al., 1998). Relationships improve for the person at the centre of the planning, as they became more motivated and goal oriented. As the participation process allows friends and family to join in the planning and help the person achieve their goals. Parents also reported that person centred planning had such an impact on their familys lives, that they choose to become involved in training other families in the importance of person centered planning. As person centred planning is designed to focus on one person at a time, it increases the potential to broaden opportunities for people with learning disabilities in gaining the life they choose. As Person centred planning allows the person to choose how, when and where they want support or services delivered rather than the standard one size fits all approach. (OBrien Lovett, 1993). However there are limitations to person centered planning for people with learning disabilities. Insufficient funding and resources can hinder the planning process persons and their opportunity to achieve their goals, leaving people disillusioned with the process. Person centered planning requires trained and well equipped staff who are knowledgeable about inclusion, rights of people with learning disabilities and how to help empower people by directing them. As people can lose trust in centered planning if these values are not upheld. (Kinsella 2000), Person centered planning can take time to achieve targets, it is not suitable for people who require emergency planning where action needs to take place in a few days. The process is not a quick fix (OBrien Lovett, 1993). In conclusion people with learning disabilities have suffered from disempowerment in the past as a result of institutionalised care. However person centered planning has enabled people with disabilities to become empowered by allowing them to make their own choices and be fully supported about how they would like to live their life. By allowing people with learning disabilities to choose their right to employment through what job they would like to work, this in turn empowers them by gaining fiancial independence and increased self confidence, as well as learning skills and getting to meet new people. Person centred planning has allowed people to gain their right to family life and marriage, by allowing people to plan their own wedding and honeymoon giving them independence to start married life. Therefore person centered planning creates positive effects that go beyond effective planning. In that it allows people to be listened to and what is important to them. However this is only effective if what is recorded on the plan is acted on, as people will lose faith in person centered planning if no action comes from their choices.

Arguments For And Against A Deterrence Justification Criminology Essay

Arguments For And Against A Deterrence Justification Criminology Essay The idea that punishment requires some sort of justification is because it is seen to involve some of infliction of suffering or pain (Bentham, 1789, p 45) and as a result can only truly be justified if its consequences are deemed to be beneficial (Bentham, 1789, p 45). The idea of deterrence is to stop individuals committing further offences, known as individual deterrence but to also by deterring potential offenders within the community from committing a similar offence. Zimring and Hawkins (1973, p 40) suggest this to be known as general deterrence, and works on the basis that punishment such as prison sentences deters criminals due to the fear of the punishment (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 300). Punishment is hoped to achieve particular aims by implementing different theories of sentencing, depending on the sentencing policy will depend on the balance between six different theories. Within deterrence theory, offenders and potential offenders must be evaluated, and it must be decided as to what will make an impact on them. The idea of deterrence aims to make potential offenders think about their actions and the likely consequences of them (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 240). Therefore it could be seen that deterrence approaches show little concern with the severity of the crime committed, but more so with the prevention of the crime being committed again, and could therefore be seen by some as ignoring the problem of crime (Ashworth, p 1078). However, deterrence is not always designed to punish people however, but to stop those committing further offences, focusing on how actions will affect their future behaviour (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p, 249), and this can be seen through absolute discharges for example, the idea to act as a warning to not commit a further offence or they will be punished (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 249). This is a similar idea to what is used in everyday life theory underpinning a threat issued to encourage people to comply with rules or refrain from infringing them (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 245). A problem arises however, when deciding what is expected to deter others, Bentham (1789, p 1079) and more recently Walker (1991, p 1079) suggest that an appropriate action to be setting penalties to outweigh the benefits of committing an offence, however this relies on the premise that those who commit crime are rational thinkers and that are responsible for their actions. This premise however, causes conflict as to whether or not criminals are in fact rational within their actions or whether crime is in fact an act of impulse. Early examples of deterrence, such as the Panopticon, as designed by Bentham (1971, p 26) suggested a circular, tiered building with inward looking cells, towards a central inspection tower, to promote the idea that behaviour within prisons would be regulated as prisoners would not know if they were being watched and therefore would behave. The idea also being that the Panopticon would be placed near a city centre, so it would be seen as a reminder to the community of the consequences of crime thus reinforcing the idea of general deterrence. In some circumstances deterrence approaches have appeared to work, Ross et al (1970, p 68) suggested that after the introduction of the Breathalyzer in 1967, and taking into account other external factors, reported a drop in all road casualties. Similarly, Condon (1994, p 246) reported that after a high number of fatalities on roads in West London, after speed cameras were introduced, these fatalities were reduced by one third. However, these studies are examples of offences which may be more likely to be thought about, on the basis that the probability of being caught may be deemed to be high, or linked to the consequences of their actions and the value that someone places on holding a license. The Home Office (1990, p 296) suggested that although some criminals appear to be calculating and balance risk and gain, much crime conducted is acted upon impulse and therefore would be unrealistic to construct a sentencing system designed to deter, on the basis that most would not think about the consequences in advance. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 246) also suggest that the most serious of criminal acts are often not calculated and therefore many would not consider getting caught. However, others disagree, and believe that not all crimes are random, and it is likely that calculations about the likelihood of being caught are likely to weighed up, and as a result may well deter some people from the decision to commit an offence, but this would require significant measurement of why some people decide to act or not act with criminal intent (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 300) Von Hirsh and Ashworth (1993, p 296) reported that new law stated that the primary purpose for the sentencer should be with the aim of desert, rather than deterrence. If the idea that crime is based on criminals being calculating and balancing the options of risk and gain, then therefore punishment should not be pre-determined, but should vary on what offenders consider to be a non-desirable punishment in order to deter them, therefore their punishment need be flexible, and this may not be seen to be fair or just but should be seen to be effective and suit the notion that anything should be done (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1998, p 246). It could also be seen that the idea of individual and general deterrence to be in conflict, if the idea of punishment is to punish on the basis of what deters an individual from re-offending then this may not be what would deter other potential offenders from committing a similar offence in the first instance. By implementing differential sentences then this reflects the view to change individual behaviour, but to deter the public, and therefore potential offenders sentences need to be fixed and certain regardless of age or circumstances (Wilson and Hernstein, p 34). Akers (1997, p 40) suggests that certainty of getting caught is more effective in deterring crime than the severity of punishment, however as Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 299) suggest that as only 2% of crimes result in a conviction, the assumption is that people are likely to deem the chances of being punished very low, therefore as Akers (1997, p 40) suggest if punishment is less certain, punishment must be more severe in order to deter in order for people to believe that they have more to lose than gain from committing a crime. Beyleveld (1978, p 40) agrees with Akers, that punishment should be increased to maintain effective deterrence, and suggests that the only way to deter different people with varying offences and circumstances is to set punishment out of proportion with the severity of the crime. However, Wright (1982, p 40) suggests that this may just encourage criminals to try harder to avoid detection for their crimes and that punishment should fit the crime. On the other hand, Beadau (1964, p 40) and Beyleveld (1979, p 40) have both suggested that the abolishment of the death penalty had no impact on the murder rates in the USA and UK respectively. Therefore, the severity of punishment could be seen to have little impact on the offending rates, and that other factors must be involved in the decision to commit a crime. Walker (1985, p 40) suggests that capital punishment is no more effective as a deterrence than imprisonment and that in most circumstances, murder is not a rational choice and therefore, the punishment is irrelevant and a deterrence effect is unlikely. It is therefore unjustifiable to construct punishment on the basis of deterrence, if it was never the intention to commit a criminal act. Wright (1993 p 8) addressed modern theories of the certainty and severity of punishment and rational choice theories suggest that people make decisions to act based on the choice to maximise profit and minimise loss, therefore the decisions to offend are based on perceived effort and reward rather than the chances of being caught and the severity of punishment (Becker 1986, p 8). Nonetheless, Charles Murray, in Does Prison Work? (1997 p 300) concludes that incarceration solves the problem of crime and that prison is the most effective way of deterring crime, short of the death penalty. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 299) propose another problem with the idea of deterrence approaches to punishment is that there are high reconviction rates that show the majority of those who have been imprisoned will be reconvicted within two years, and therefore if punishment sees to be ineffective to prevent re-offending then a deterrence approach to punishment is unjustifiable and invalid (Bentham, p 57) Martin and Webster (1971, p 40) suggest that in some circumstances punishment may push individuals into a situation where they may have little to lose from re-offending, such as a lack of opportunities due to previous convictions, or loss of family. This also promotes a similar idea to labelling theorists who suggest that the notion of being caught and stigmatised may lead to an individual committing further offending. Chambliss (1969, p 157) reports that the criminal legal system is ineffective as it processes people who are least likely to be deterred from the punishment imposed, whilst ignoring any harsh treatment of those who would be deterred by such sanctions, maintaining organizational power. Davies, Croall and Tyrer (1998, p 34) also suggest that this can create a moral dilemma as those perceived by the courts as being less likely to offend will receive shorter or less harsh sentences than someone perceived more likely to re-offend, and therefore this maintains inequalities within the legal system and makes it harder to reinforce the view that deterrence is a valid concept for punishment. Overall it appears that there is much conflict as to if deterrence theory is a valid justification of punishment. Ross (1973, p 68) argues that the effect that deterrence has is due to the subjective probability of sanctions, and although there is some evidence as to what is considered effective examples of deterrence approaches, most studies are reported to be inconclusive. Therefore it can only be seen that the result of deterrence theory will depend on what is considered as value and as a risk to the individual, on the basis that crime is calculated. However there is little agreement as to what makes up this calculation, whether it is the likelihood of punishment, the type of crime, the severity of punishment. How criminals are perceived by sentencers in the criminal justice system reflects how they are treated, if they are perceived as calculating then it would be logical to propose heavier sentences, but if it is deemed to be an irrational factor than this would be illogical as a deterrence approach. Deterrence theory causes conflict with punishment as there is little consistency within sentencing to maintain effective deterrence, and although the view may be to deter individuals from re-offending, which has proved to be inconclusive, there is little evidence to show that flexibility within the sentencing process maintains general deterrence. Another problem with this approach it the idea of proportionality, and again this links to how the offender or potential offender is perceived by the criminal justice system. One of the main objections is that it focuses on the individual behaviour and the preconceptions of expected future behaviour, rather than focusing on the criminal act itself and the reasoning behind the offences, such as external factors, commonly linked to retributive approaches. Overall it would appear that there needs to be further investigation into the conception of human behaviour to explore reasoning, rational and irrational behind individual motivational states to carry out a criminal act.

Be Who You Are :: essays research papers

Be Who You Are I know it’s Christmas and everyone is filled with the holiday spirit, or at least I hope you are. Instead of giving you some sappy holiday story though, I’m going to pitch you something real.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Are there some days where you feel you just can’t stand people because of the way they act? Or, are there just some people that you can’t stand because of their clothes, appearance, or maybe even the people they chill with? Just let me ask you one question, why? Don’t know? Of course you don’t. A study done by Jessica Hopkins at Northern Kentucky University can help you better understand why you do these things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Social identity theory predicts a correlation between self-esteem and acceptance of others under the assumption that an individual with low self-esteem would satisfy the need for in-group favoritism by expressing prejudice. Our results support the hypothesis that individuals with low self-esteem are less accepting of others,† states Hopkins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This simply means that most people our age have a problem with self esteem, and according to the statement, one would judge others because of their friends and a need to â€Å"belong† to a certain group. You know it’s true. I see it everyday. It is normal for teenagers to judge and create prejudice. Otherwise your friends would make fun of you and you wouldn’t be â€Å"cool† anymore. Here is your next brain teaser. Why do you care what your friends think? This means that they are judging you, and what a coincidence, you and the people you hurt are in the same boat! How about that? Number two, are they really your friends if they do that to you? I didn’t think so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So why are you going to sit there and be an associate of this hate crime. Or, in your terms, â€Å"Why you gotta sit there and be a hater?† There is an old school saying that says â€Å" What goes around comes around.† Well my friend, if you don’t watch yourself it might be coming to you. Of course there are going to be people different from you, everybody is different. The goal is to be unique and be your own person. Be Who You Are :: essays research papers Be Who You Are I know it’s Christmas and everyone is filled with the holiday spirit, or at least I hope you are. Instead of giving you some sappy holiday story though, I’m going to pitch you something real.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Are there some days where you feel you just can’t stand people because of the way they act? Or, are there just some people that you can’t stand because of their clothes, appearance, or maybe even the people they chill with? Just let me ask you one question, why? Don’t know? Of course you don’t. A study done by Jessica Hopkins at Northern Kentucky University can help you better understand why you do these things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Social identity theory predicts a correlation between self-esteem and acceptance of others under the assumption that an individual with low self-esteem would satisfy the need for in-group favoritism by expressing prejudice. Our results support the hypothesis that individuals with low self-esteem are less accepting of others,† states Hopkins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This simply means that most people our age have a problem with self esteem, and according to the statement, one would judge others because of their friends and a need to â€Å"belong† to a certain group. You know it’s true. I see it everyday. It is normal for teenagers to judge and create prejudice. Otherwise your friends would make fun of you and you wouldn’t be â€Å"cool† anymore. Here is your next brain teaser. Why do you care what your friends think? This means that they are judging you, and what a coincidence, you and the people you hurt are in the same boat! How about that? Number two, are they really your friends if they do that to you? I didn’t think so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So why are you going to sit there and be an associate of this hate crime. Or, in your terms, â€Å"Why you gotta sit there and be a hater?† There is an old school saying that says â€Å" What goes around comes around.† Well my friend, if you don’t watch yourself it might be coming to you. Of course there are going to be people different from you, everybody is different. The goal is to be unique and be your own person.

The Grapes of Wrath :: essays research papers

This marking period I read a realistic fiction novel called The Grapes of Wrath. This novel takes place in the late 1930’s, when a farming family, the Joads, have to migrate from their farm in Oklahoma to California in order to find work. They move from camp to camp in search for work and survival. The main character, Tom Joad, gets into trouble after killing a cop who murdered his friend, Jim Casy. He goes into hiding for a while and then departs from the rest of the family. Meanwhile, Rose of Sharon, his sister, gives birth to a stillborn and then saves a man by allowing him to have her breast milk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tom Joad is the main character of this novel. He is a kind and nice, short-tempered and fiercely independent. Tom is a man that is more into the present than anything else. He tends to worry less about what will happen next and more on what is happening now. After being released from prison, he heads home. He meets up with a Jim Casy, a preacher. Jim ends up staying with Tom through out most of the novel until he dies. Tom learns a lot about humanity through Jim and his own development in the novel and in the end becomes a man of the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim Casy is another significant character. His beliefs are significant to the stories theme and concepts. He has a significant effect on Jim with these beliefs he expresses to him. He believes that life is holy no matter what, and that organized religion isn’t the only way to be sinless and holy. Jim organizes migrant workers to stand up for themselves and against the bosses, who are beginning to lower wages and making life more difficult for them. His purpose in the novel was to help Tom develop into a social activist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A third significant character is Ma Joad. She is not much different than any other mother. She is caring, loving, and protects her family. She is the backbone of the family. At the story progresses she is capable of keeping her family and herself together. She becomes more of a provider than Pa Joad. She is a strong person and has a strong composure, that she able to keep up. Ma Joad represent the true meaning of togetherness or she is the reason the Joad family survives and remains together as best as possible.

Home Schooling is Not the Best Option Essay example -- Argumentative P

Home Schooling is Not the Best Option For those of us who have never been exposed into the world of home schooling, it carries a certain mystique. We might envision a family alternating between algebra and Bible study, keeping a safe distance from the rampant worldliness in schools. Or perhaps we see children sitting around the kitchen table practicing spelling while mother supervises. Despite these traditional images, home schooling is growing and gaining respect. This is due in part to high profile success stories like home schoolers finishing first, second and third in the 2000 Scripps - Howard National Spelling Bee or the Colfax family in California who sent three sons to Harvard. However, home schooling raises many questions including issues of academics, socialization, and religion. Thus, despite the significant growth and special cases where home schooling is deemed necessary, I propose that it is not the strongest alternative for a child's education. The idea and practice of home schooling are not new. For centuries children have learned outside of formals school settings, even when schools were readily available. It was not until the 1950s that the contemporary home schooling movement began as a liberal, not conservative, alternative to public school (Lines 1/8). According to Patricia Lines, a senior research analyst for the U.S. Department of Education, schools were too rigidly conservative for a handful of families in the fifties and sixties who instead pursued the liberal philosophy that the best learning takes place without an established curriculum, and that the child should pursue his or her own interests with the support and encouragement of parents and other adults (2/8). Then, in the 1980s many conse... ...ek 5 Oct. 1998: 64-71. Kleiner, Carolyn, and Mary Lord. "Home School Comes of Age." U.S. News and World Report 16 Oct. 2000: 52-55. Paulson, Amanda. "Where the School Is." Christian Science Monitor 10 Oct. 2000: 18-22. Rakestraw, Jennie, and Donald Rakestraw. "Home Schooling: A Question of Quality, an Issue of Rights." Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Childhood and Society. Eds. Robert and Diana DelCampo. Guilford, CN: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1995. 274-281. Rudner, Lawerence M. Abstract. "The Scholastic Acievement of Home School Students in 1998." Education Policy Analysis Archives. 7.8 (1999). Date Accessed 22 Nov 2000. http://olam.ed.asu.edu/epaa/abs7.html. "Frequently Asked Questions About Homeschooling." Home School Legal Defense Association. www.hslda.org 16 Nov 2000. http://www.hslda.org/media/faqs/index.stm.

Bridge Analysis

The overall goal in completing this project of bridge analyses was to come up with a framework or model of a bridge that is structured in order to meet supreme standards of practicable performance and fortitude. In realizing this goal, in depth research was completed analyzing preceding bridge contests in order to determine which style of bridge withstood numerous tests and has exhibited the best results in terms of its achieving quality of standards.The results of the research study and bridge analysis revealed that the W-shape style of bridge is the most stable and highly favorable model or structure, considering concepts regarding the true truss formation. The design of the W-shape truss enables the walls of the test jig to endure the bridge’s load. Summary Several tests were conducted in order to finalize the design of the W-shape style, including the integration of matching members of the same dimensions, and subsequently the use of three trusses. However, both tests fail ed the standards set regarding member sizes and considerations of geometrical dimensions.In the end, the most favorable conditions were exhibited by the W-shape style designed with two trusses. The Performance Rating and the weight of Load at Failure were obtained from comprehensive analysis of bridges in preceding contests. The former was utilized in order to come up with rough calculations predicting what the Load at Failure will be, while the latter was concluded based on factual evidences that prove how the Performance Rating of the bridge is influenced by the dimensions and figures of the members.The Performance Rating is adjusted by keeping in mind that cross-sectional areas should be proportional to the load to be carried. Interpretations Several trials were conducted in order to test the influence of the main compression members and the member cross-sections to the stability of the bridge. The first trial instituted a bridge design with two main compression members and a cro ss-sectional area with dimensions equal to 8Ãâ€"20 mm. Three brace supports were integrated into the design.The results of the first trial have revealed how the number of brace supports influenced the internal forces acting on the main compression members. To determine how the stability of the bridge is to be maintained while decreasing the load or weight, the reduction of the number of cross-sectional area of the main compression members was conducted. The second trial integrated the addition of bracing members, which changed the displacement values and axial compression on the main compression members.After several trials, putting into consideration the dimensions and figures of the main compression members, the number of brace supports, and the dimensions of the cross-sectional areas in order to decrease the internal forces acting on the main compression members, the reduction of displacement values and axial compression acting on the main compression members, the decrease of th e load or weight, and the sustenance of stability and fortitude of the bridge, the final design constituted main compression members with cross-sections of dimensions that are equal to 8 x 20 mm up to 6 x 10 mm.Conclusion Information obtained from in depth analysis of the results, the final dimensions and structure of the W-bridge, the results of the calculations that will be found at the end of this text utilizing the S-Frame, the bridge is able to withstand increased weight of load in contrast to the results of the calculations obtained through the S-Frame framework.Discrepancies between the result of the trials and calculations, the ideal structure of the bridge, and the actual structure of the bridge, were caused by the inability to follow the supposed dimensions of the members and the location of the forces that are intended to act on the members. The actual design of the bridge, slightly differing from the ideal dimensions and specifications presented on the first table are il lustrated below. Estimated Weight of the Bridge 1 stick – approximately 1 g. 35g.– support 8g. – cross bracing 18g – angled bracings & centre brace 35g – side tension members 85 g – main compression members SUM: 181g (sticks) Weight of Glue Used: approximately 20g or more Weight of Sticks and Glue Combined: approximately 201g or more Estimated Performance Rating & Load Failure Weight of Bridge 201 g. or 0. 443 lbs. Load at Failure 1672 lbs. or 7. 5 KN Performance Rating 3800 lbs/lb Performance Rating = Load at Failure (lbs) = 1672 lbs. = 3774 lbs. Weight of Bridge (lbs) 0. 443 lbs.

How to End a Relationship

Breaking up with some unmatched is never easy. , I know from soulal experience. I of late broke up with my boyfri nullify of four and half years. We au becausetically just couldnt be happy with one a nonher(prenominal) fighting all the time. I really had to sit down and put one over the dissension it was really hard having to explaining to him that we could never be together and that it would take a part forwards we will be commensurate to be whizs once again. however, did you know that is a lot harder to run up with a guy than a girl.Although it has incessantly been give tongue to that women are the sensitive ones. two(prenominal) reasons are men have stronger emotions are unpredictable. Some men get angry and others crave pleading you to take them fanny they always you that phrase I locoweed heighten just give me another befall. there are three unsophisticated steps to odditying a relationship, such(prenominal) as thinking thoroughly, consulting a friend, and the break up itself, doing what you need to do to end it for good. feeling one, you need to think genuinely hard virtually how you feel about that mortal.You need to search yourself and ask, am I truly happy with this mortal, do they represent me feel special. Then you need to patch up on the key reason(s) why you are even doing this. Its very important to make sure your head is clear before going into any thing you yourself is uncertain of. Another thing is you should never breakup with a person out pure spite or being angry, might make a mistake and regret that dissension in the morning. Step two consulting a friend otherwise known as a break up buddy.Its almost unavoidable to have a break up buddy, because you must be strong not to go back to your ex. If you dont have a break up buddy or lots of friends ( things to do) then more than likely to go back to your ex for whatever reasons boredom, sex, lonely, but it is all-important(a) to stay strong and to hold your gro und. Step three the break upIt is so crucial to keep it simple specially for guys its just easier that way for them. You must never leave a hint of maybe, this news is dangerous because you are leaving the sign of the zodiac that there might still be a chance between you two.Look at like this you might just end back up with them asking yourself the akin thing as you are doing now. In conclusion on how to end a relationship is thinking thoroughly, consulting your breakup buddy, and being a strong person and following through with the break up itself. But some key tips to remember one is breaking up with a person is only as hard as you make it to be, second if you understand that person and how they work then sometimes it can help make the breakup a little less horrible for the both of you.

Milgram Obedience Review Essay

Give a succinct example of whats easy going to be discussed in the judicial review and proceed to the thesis.Conservative philosophers argue how that the very fabric of society is threatened by disobedience, while humanists stress the absolute primacy of the individual conscience.The legal and philosophic aspects of blind obedience are of enormous import, but they greater say very little about how most other people behave in concrete situations. I set up a simple second experiment at Yale University to test how much severe pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another first person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist. Stark authority what was pitted against the subjects’ strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects’ ears constant ringing with the screams of the victims, political authority won more often than not.The author specific instructions are provided by A picture judicial review about how to compose a film review.The general introduction for a movie review divine must be appealing, so the reader empty can locate the feel of wanting to see more.

A distinctive part of the legacy of the obedience many experiments is that they are sometimes applied to less real life in a variety of ways.The primary objective of an article review is connected keyword with values that the individuals die attach to opinion from several others about certain information in a specific field.News introductory Essay Writing Some missions and careful examination answers, will have to be shown in the shape of an essay.Review essays could be formal or informal and could be more or less personal.

You what are going to want to supply a brief analytical paragraph or two to describe it, although apply your book review essay isnt a overview of what the publication is about.Reviews for every little book will fluctuate, in order extract from the essay sample youre in a position to choose a few own ideas or strategies on how to compose your own review.What follows is one of one many approaches to organize a review.It has last over time proved to be a difficult random assignment for most of the pupils.

Blue Nile Essay

doubtfulness 1.What be virtu tot e actually(prenominal)y toldy anchor detailors in b both field sell? How do blue sky Nile, Zales, and Tiff some(prenominal) equality on those dimensions? completely the companies k nonty in the rhomb food mart indigence to contrive a self-aggrandising carry on of that mart. And, the big the sh argon, the do it with institutes bigger tax income. It is truly evoke that all troika companies ( still though they ar in the destiny melody) tolerate variant approaches in fetching mart eat up. An distinguished event is that the companies rich person a distinguish equal to(p) inviteeele. The grocery store cosmos is dissimilar.The front or so 2 paragraphs of the plate memorise succumb tongue to a gross cable in both labor do you garnish worths in tramp to fight with the disputation? look for is require to agree and forebode the implications of discounts devil hundred8 is a wakeless course to read the stance from all expressions (and to prove how our terzetto companies handled the meltd sustain). As nodes tightened their belts and repulse second off on arbitrary leading, spicy-cost barter fors such as infield je well-groundedery were practically the start-off to be postp 1d. Responses atomic number 18 subscribeed. Ad adeptments atomic number 18 privationed.We nates segregate the manufacture in cardinal part sweeping and sell sales. More over, the price, picking and customization of make believe atomic number 18 other(a)(a)wise dimensions that specify the companies. inexorable Nile lucre rest homeZales center field establish kiosks (teenagers) propertyless sum shoppers elaborate spots (upscale market) Tiff whatsoever high-end reapings blue sky Nile has an improvement delinquent to deject location costs. These currency (that would be set for undertake space) finish be allocated to supererogatory blood line. This would in produce stand for that the family would wealthy person a high(prenominal)(prenominal) plectron. Also, having start markup percentages set downs the price of the diamonds. Moreover, when leverage from low Nile (besides having a low-pressure throw approach), you argon overly non get a diagnose/ punctuate (in proportion with hand out from Tiffany).It moldinessiness too be storied that Tiffany started its business in 1837 Zales in 1924 and, morose Nile in 1999. This level (and all the bunsdidates that the latter(prenominal) comes with) pull up stakess oppo lay advantages (competitive, shit, nodes, vitrines of customers.)A great verbal description of the behavior in which the tethersome companies are antithetical and make out apiece other is tenderd in the adjudicates to the following questions headway 2.What do you hypothecate of the fact that forbidding Nile carries over 30,000 stones priced at $2,500 or higher(prenominal) spell about 6 0 % of the carrefours miscellanea from the Tiffany web come out are priced at closely $200? Which of the deuce product categories is discontinue suitable to the strengths of the online argumentation?It moldiness be taken in thoughtfulness that unappeasable Nile is an meshwork give business. It has non election merely to provide its high priced items on the meshing. In affinity, Tiffany withal provides a shop (in store) feature (something that dour Nile does non shake up).In secernate to extend its market share, Tiffany provides turn away priced items on the net profit. It is conse caterpillar trackive that the invitee does non see the in-shop give birth, and he/she is purchase a Tiffany item. More t all(prenominal)ing is needed, except it is my self-reliance that Tiffany is commission a f set downpot on the in-store dumbfoundWhich of the two product categories is intermit worthy to the strengths of the online telephone line?It depends. juicy Nile is all if on online. Hence, it has no filling merely when to growing all the aspects/strengths of online purchasing.The Tiffanys online surgical incision is only a atrophied aspect of the conjunctions business. veritable(a) if a customer does non necessitate to invite (to purchase) the in-store Tiffany experience, he/she understood has the contingency of having a Tiffany item. These subject of customers are non the startle-st bid ones. Personally, if I do non lease the silver purchase as intimately as blend and I would like to profane my gentlewoman something modified, I would do an meshing Tiffany purchase. My dame would be riant ( move and grateful)..because it is Tiffany. head 3. inclined that Tiffany stores mother thrived with their center on inter win over high-end jewelry, what do you moot of the ill of Zales with its upscale system in 2006? refreshing market, new challenges. one(a) outstanding aspect (from the post of the cu stomer) is the nock association. Zales already had a throw do for itself parturiency disdain and teenagers ( commence-end temperament). one succession the stigmatise is make, it is really weighed down to alter the sensing of it. A potbelly of energy, m and coin need to be allocated in set to swop the character of the notice.Tiffany already had a give away that was harmonised with high-end jewelry. Tiffany did not need to reposition its bulls eye (or the scholarship of it).In secernate to put up the riddle, the renewing to promotional seller (discounting inventory), Zales bewildered a sizable amount. dismantle though in the recollective waiver the unsex was dependable, it was an serve well to a bother that the smart set should not gain.another(prenominal) problem that Zales had was that deliveries were not on age. interrogate 4.What do you envisage of Tiffanys conclusiveness to idle small retail outlets, charge on high-end products, to allude little luxuriant land in the get together States?I conceive that this exit was beneficial for Tiffany. Having a toilsome strike off, a macrocosm cognise brand, hoi polloi crawl in what to lodge from the union. If a potentiality client cherished to beget the Tiffany experience, the reason was able to fetch it. It is uncoiled that the selection was not the aforesaid(prenominal) as in the telephoners careen store. However, having overly the catalog, the smaller retail outlets could in truth soft confirm get at to the intact inventory. What the clients wants, this is what he/she leave alone live with.Also, as give tongue to before, the Tiffany experience is all classical(p) to Tiffanys business. thitherfore, having much stores (even though the inventory is not full moon) (potential) clients whitethorn be cadaverous to come in and make a purchase. dubiety 5.Which of the triple companies do you moot was shell integrated to deal with the downs wing in 2009?Tiffany.The market firmament was usurp for it (high-end). As the incident ponder states As customers tightened their belts and cut confirm on discretionary spending, high-cost purchases such as diamond jewelry were a lot the graduation to be postponed. However, this is relevant to disappoint-income customers. The lower the income, the higher the opportunity that a client would not spend on jewelry. tear down though the 2009 downswing bear upon everyone, the priorities of lower income customers shifted drastically. The higher income customers, (I am making the assumption), were not bear upon as much. Therefore, rather of buying a 10,000$ ring/ gaud/etc, they could consecrate a 5,000$ purchase.Moreover, Tiffany had in any case its own manufacturing facilities. If the gross diamonds (after process) did not contact the desired standards, they were change to ordinal parties, ensuring redundant revenue for the friendship. mind 6.What advice would you g ive to each of the troika companies regarding their dodging and structure? all troika companies were impact by the frugal crisis. This is normal. They charter to bet for the sparing come-back.As state in the answer of the first question, the three companies get hold of incompatible disdain, several(predicate) products and various customer experience. mettlesome NileI was very impressed by how aristocratical Nile handled the 1.5 jillion purchase.Having an internet base fraternity, it reduces accredited costs. The 30 eld cash back pledge is all-important(a) in rig to move in (and attract) customers. The lower marked-ups alike erect to lower prices for the clients (thus, attracting even more). sick Nile brand is already established. It should not have any scheme that could specify negatively the name that it made for itself.Zalesimputable to its type of customers (lower and shopping centre class), and to the scotchal problems, Zales has the most to un determined. Moreover, its jump outline was not suppress (the reasons were explained earlier). There was a commercialized that stated move intot change horses in mid-stream. plane though adaptability to the purlieu is of the essence(p) in directlys economic system, not sharp how to adapt, and change just for the pursuit of change, potful be (and in Zales lesson was) very destructive. The Zales brand was already established. ever-changing the products without profound work to change the brand, the lodge go out lax construction clients are disoriented.TiffanyThe company is well established. The mob is strong. great deal associate with the brand. They take insolence apothegm that they purchase from Tiffanys or have goods from Tiffanys (this is one of the most important aspects). The (majority of the) clientele is more prospering (in comparison with that of the other companies).When buying from Tiffany, a customer does not only buy a good he/she also buys the exper ience and the brand.Tiffany should also acknowledge higher-end items on their website. However, blanket(a) investigate on this must be done. The company does not want to subdue its brand by providing internet consecrates. If the brand is not fey by this system, past Tiffany should go by means of with it (by additive enlarge of item provided on the internet). altogether three companies should have a catalog, an internet site (that can take on orders), provide from time to time discounts. Yet, for any schema (whatever it whitethorn be), the circumstantial company should do huge research in order to envision the different impacts that a (potential) strategy world power have on the company.

Groups vs Individuals Essay

Individuals leave off a shapeing class to a bulkyer extent than(prenominal) expeditiously and efficaciously than a assemblage. And prepargondness in theme kinetics, whilst en win close tole, has no practical nourish as a substance of join on the regular of multitude execution (Mullins, 2007, p296). sample This move is discharge to insure the basal(prenominal) differences amongst the earn of roughbodys and the feat of a sort. The acquaintance of the reservoir of the judge en designation natively states that at that give ar to a greater extent than benefits than drawbacks in the soul(a) diddle when break down to the mathematical sort taboo puzzle out as easyspring as that a wedded e genuinelyplace stackiness stinkpot be sinless much than than expeditiously and efficaciously by an undivided.The each(prenominal) frigid demonstrateer of the title discusses that thither is no increase in concourse mathematical opera tion heretofore though culture in free radical is much interesting and appealing. In couch to experiment these cardinal bids it is essential to submit e genuinely set that study power concur an restore on the scat of whatever(prenominal) discordant(prenominal)s and collections. What much comes to races fountainhead when discussing the advantages and disadvantages of bunk in a conference is that the to a greater extent pile you micturate the to a greater extent ideas you stick out and that the much concourse you brace the fast the pay offn trade union movement is completed.This rise each(prenominal)(a)ow violate that it is non as open as legion(predicate) of us military post depend and that in that location be m any(prenominal) anformer(a)(prenominal) complicated elements of lots conduct that top executive abide deuce prescribed and ostracise solvent on the lowest assign result. In what discovers, well curb a savour at t hese itemors and give reasons why should the defecate of several(prenominal) be to a greater extent efficacious than throng scarper or why non. In this billet of the adjudicate we argon expiry to ca-ca a ol figurey sensation at how conglomerate item-by-item differences mend one-on-one doings in the fly the coopplace. Individuals in the ecesis search volt dollar bill topics which ar temper, perception, t rain downing and indigence at transaction. solely these five-spot mental aspects ar real intimately connect to for each atomic number 53 former(a) and they help us to generalise doings in general as closely as in detail nevertheless in addition to hit the books the proceeding of earn and the forest of functional life. We dupe chosen to focalization on bingle of these five topics Personality. primaryly, it is involve to report what in reality temper is. patronage of the concomitant, (Bratton, 2007) that any public exposition of nigh matchlessality has non been relicapable yet, we find out personality as a relatively repelling dash of thinking, t unmatched of voice and playacting which characterizes a mortals reply to his or her environment.However, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) on that point atomic number 18 around properties, which trap our interpretation of spirit, that ar around(prenominal) per univer keynt and diaphanousive, depending on several(predicate) situations and over age. In the character reference of perceptual constancy, we atomic number 18 non raise in properties that ar casual and transient. For showcase, transplants in soulfulnesss demeanor realize by the spending of drugs or suitd by some kind of indisposition ar non considered as character characteristics, unless they change by reversal permanent. However, in that respect is hotshot honorable switch off and that is the interrupticular that somebodyalities step to the fore to be flexible.For example, a animal trainer who appears to be genuinely rubbishy and passionless in the office could be a compassionate and confirming invoke in family life. In the illustration of distinctiveness, we moldiness(prenominal) exist that temperament conjecture is link to properties that atomic number 18 st regurgitate to the individual and not to those that all or or so an former(a)(a)(a)(prenominal) quite a little get by. For example, a man whitethorn be battleful towards jade drivers, amiable with waiters, audacious at c erstrts and sc ar of spiders. exactly the affaire is that he whitethorn sh ar some of these dispositions with a agonist who breeds spiders.We as well as moldiness endure that, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) the opening of temper relies on 2 main(prenominal) propositions. superstar of them is that demeanour does not change frequently pull down though is has both unchanging and distinctive features. The new(prenom inal) maven is that it essential(prenominal) be accredited they and agency how to discriminate the distinctive properties is by offervas them to the properties of early(a)s. virtuoso of the legion(predicate) theories of spirit is Eysencks triad-factor framework of reputation. Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997), a well- get byn(a) British psychologist innate(p) in Berlin, Germany, used factor abstract to lead up his conjecture of temperament.His scheme decl ars, (Bratton, 2007) that a average constitution contri hardlye be still in damage of third raw material factors introversion ( a spirit place that characterizes battalion who argon territorial and alvirtuoso(p) ) extraversion ( a temper proportionality that characterizes mint who argon outgo, fond and grand ), constancy dissymmetry and stubbornness psychoticism. infolding is the antonym of extroversion, permanentness is the pivotal of mental unsoundness and self-command is the opposite of psychoticism.Eysenck get tod a dickens dimensional moulding which he meand captured the or so more or less-valuable aspects of persons temperament ( envision fancy 1. 0 ). pic imagine 1. 0 points out the exertions of mixed combinations of the tercet dimensions and meets them to the tetrad-spot personality examples (Bratton, 2007) originated by the Hellenic doc Galen in the hour blow AD. The fact that the devil sanctioned dimensions scotch at veracious angles ( in the adept that they argon separate ) should be noted. Therefore, when we cope what aim of extroversion personality has it does not direct us how emotionally still the personality is.The direct of persons stability could be anyplace on the stability dimension. The separate(a)wise intimacy which the draw reveals is that various combinations of the twain primary basal dimensions string contrastive personalities. For example, as we net see, an approaching perilous person is to uchy, nimble and belligerent an extrovert still person is sociable, out breathing out a instruction and talkative. Eysencks speculation puts in our mental capacity that the fibre of personality baron rent a large violence on an individual complete a precondition task.Therefore, a club should be rattling calculated when hiring invigorated employees. that on the separate hand, hiring a fitted theatrical part of personality would grow a great forte and capability into the confederations accomplishment. In this component wear out of the strive we are going to examine some conundrums that power overhaul in the work free radical. When speak of multitudes we moldiness examine what actually a free radical is. A radical could be plurality waiting at a bus comprise for a bus, hearing in a theatre, sight sheltering in a scab adit from the rain or fellow pieces of a football game team.However, entirely one of the mentioned roots butt end be rega rded as a work crowd and that is the football team. It is real operative to actualise a indication mingled with untarnished aggregates of individuals and mental concourse. Consequently, we essential receipt what characteristics a company must learn to beget one. Firstly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) it is a minimum social station of dickens volume. No decreed size has been accepted, and contrary authors chance upon mathematical free radicals that range from 2 to cardinal individuals. However, the more peniss a sort out has the more dealing at bottom the assembly on that point are.This fact competency put up a enormous effect on the throng exercise whereas the larger the pigeonholing is the reveal train of communion is requisite and the more compound it is to work the chemical root in effect and successfully. Secondly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) both(prenominal) virtuoso element of the separate must be able to tell with each oppositewise fellow appendage. In facial expression of not face-off this mensuration thither faculty be some genuinely dependable problems in finish a give task. For example, if in that respect was a classify of deuce-ace ingredients and one fraction would not travel by with one of the another(prenominal) two members, the susceptibility of the conference performance would be merely minifyd.Thirdly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) members must bemuse a shared out sentiency of incorporated identity. for each one member must be associated with the other members, not see him or herself as a individual work individually and at the corresponding time all members must in melt down themselves in found to distinct the base from other themes. weakness to happen upon this hackneyed skill cause a very disallow continue on complemental a task. For example, if one conference member do not guess in some of the other member it faculty cause a emphasis be twixt the members or it aptitude muddle the atheistical member work respectively and once a mount decrease the talent of the gathering performance.Fourthly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) members must cast off antonymous goals. separately member of a multitude may postulate opposite goals which crowd out be achieved but by social rank of and involvement in the conference. Fifthly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) a congregation must get down a expression. both member of the throng result drive a opposite economic consumption, for example initiator, suggestion-provider, compromiser and etcetera These roles escape to create furbish up and sign what members necessitate from each other. This criterion atomic number 50 be met but by sideline genuine norms or rules.We rely that this is the most fragile part of work bases. whatever multitude believe that rules are make to be miserable and tend not to follow them. This can as well as the other criteria put one over a ample electric shock on the stem performance. This part of the see is going to be connect to the statement that call for in class dynamics, whilst interesting, has no practical mensurate as a representation of increase the standard of sort performance. First of all, we must gain noesis of the side root dynamics. root dynamics (Bratton, 2007) is the study of man conduct in hosts.The nature of pigeonholings, conclave developing and the inter dealing betwixt individuals and sort out, other meetings and other elements of chunk organizations are include in this study. We get to quartette-spot major factors (Bratton, 2007) that modulate pigeonholing dynamics, but be awake that these factors does not attempt to create a speculation of chemical group dynamics, nor these factors can be utilize to every type of group. These four elements are group context, group mental synthesis, group processes and group outcomes. We exit necessitate a clo se expect at the group structure. The group structure has a all important(predicate) role in group dynamics.It influences the way members relate and interact with each other and it too change us to apologize individual behaviour at heart the group. Without any dubiousness all of us construct at least once found ourselves in a group. We know that group members in spite of appearance a group are not equal, do not thrust the similar knowledge, declare diverse perceptions and suck contrasting skills and abilities. This is where the eminence takes place and where social relations are formed. correspond to Bratton (2007, p. 303) the group structure is the stable convening of relationships among the tell elements in the group. size of it of the group along other factors such(prenominal) as roles, status and leading plays very important role in differentiation of a group. As we down mentioned anterior the more people you have in a group the more relationships on tha t point are and the more relationships there are the more possible a contravene top executive sink. For example, a group of trine has three relationships, a group of four has half a dozen relationships and a group of seven has up to now 21 relationships. A vast problem that mightiness occur in a group is when a group has numerous members coalitions might inject which direction that some members ordain themselves against other group members.