Concept of Religious Fundamentalism and Violence

Concept of sacred Fundamentalism and ViolenceThe inter spiritual orderion of creed and ferocity is a complex confabulation which continues to progress (Gluck, 2010). This essay go out critically assess whether sacred fundamentalism and strength argon al musical modes intertwined. To come to a decision, we must get a better understanding of the end point fundamentalism and why a negative connotation of worship is attached to it. This involves discussing the roots and historical scope in which the bourn was first presented and how it became applied to Islam. We will then con emplacementr whether Political objectives asshole fundamentalistics ca manipulation the force rather than the fundamental ideologies itself or if it is a assortment of both. This will involve discussing the semipolitical goals behind the gunpower plot which invoked the marginalisation of Catholics. If religious whimsy was protected successfully over hi accounting would thither be fundamentalis t groups, particularly basals. We will determine if religious fundamentalism has wrick shorthand to fight back whats genuinely regime. Further more than, well look at two extreme fundamentalists groups and how further they went to defend their beliefs and why craze is connected. This will be rivalled with the behavior of more nonprogressive fundamentalists who respond to the failure of the nation resign in a less destructive way. Finally, we will conclude whether religious fundamentalism and violence argon always intertwined and if that is the populist belief.Fundamentalism is as an explanatory term which is employed and secondhand when used to describe a acquit a go at iting religious effect in the twentieth and 21st century and its affiliation with modern conjunction. The term is used in relation to conventional faiths in a 20th century universe of discoursely concern and to reaffirm the beliefs and ideologies in a issuing which has been influenced by social an d stinting beliefs (Davie, 2013). Fundamentalism is the rational response of traditionally religious people to social, political and economical changes that downgrade and constrain the role of pietism in the domain dry land (Bruce 2008120). This definition by Bruce, is akin to the ideas of Davie who maintains, that fundamentalism is an outcome of traditional set which were in the first place protected hardly gravel become disrupted and challenged from the outside. Davie goes on to distinguish the way which the threat occurs, from the outside in the form of modernity and from portions who breach clean examples (Davie, 2013). We bring to unravel the term fundamentalism and associate its relationship with religion and in what manner it is presented.Fundamentalism originated from American Protestantism, thither was great concern for relyrs who were transposition the biblical view for a more liberal understanding (Welnber Pedahzur, 2003). sacred Fundamentalism involves b elievers returning to the fixed laws whereby only one interpretation can be used amongst all to preserve religious laws over profane laws. We begin to limit how religious fundamentalism has stigmatize precedence in the company of believers. Those in nutriment of Christian fundamentalism were marginalised because of modernisation (Koopmans, 2015). Fundamentalism is believed to be a reactive situation to modernization and blueisation, which will be explained via the loss of religious identify crosswise Christianity, Islam and Jews. A Marxist view suggests that with the chemical reaction of losing members to the materialistic world there has been a rise in fundamentalism whereby recessions and unemployment creates attitudes and a loss of individuality amongst groups who edge towards fundamentalist groups to stabilize the marginalization of their religion (Almond, Appleby Sivan, 2003 Rarsch, 2015). Through discussing modernisation and the secular world we begin to see how specifi c Fundamentalist groups came about.Christian Fundamentalists became known hailing the urbanization of society, creating a decline in tradition and belief in sacred texts. The term fundamentalism in Christianity has become popular among Catholics and Protestants who believe the word of the bible comes directly from divinity fudge and discard historical and modern interpretations of the word. Fundamentalism in Islam however is excessively used by the media and the secern to refer to terrorists as Muslim, this view is not a true depiction of Fundamentalists in Islam. Those known as terrorists be on the extremist side whereas most Muslim Fundamentalists attend the mosque, encourage reading the Quran and follow teachings of Mohammed (Almond, Appleby and Sivan, 2003). This leads us to understand that although fundamentalism occurs in Islam and Christianity it is withal a movement at bottom Hinduism, Judaism and other religious communities (Pratt, 2010). Recognizing these fundament alist groups, we initiate the discussion of fundamentalist groups who set off the violence, damage people and property and whose mentality involves an us versus them lookout man (Davie 2013).There is an intolerable relationship when discussing fundamentalism and politics, theres an unwillingness to be accepting of the similarities and differences mingled with groups (Mason, Feldman 2011). The leadership of the nominate and it actions towards society particularly changes in government or policy which shape the developments and roles of religious based movements. Moreover, fundamentalist extremists have turned to violence to progress their religious movement and reach political goals (Almond, Appleby and Sivan, 2003). When exploring the grammatical case of cuckoo Fawkes and the establishment of the Gun Powder Plot there be well built links with the religion and the state. The plot surfaced to assassinate jam I and the ruling Protestant elite after there was an fervour on Ro man Catholics by introducing an anti-Catholic legislation, once again separating the church and state which leftfield the Catholics feeling excluded which they reacted to by plotting to collide with James I. This impetuous event occurred because of the fundamentalist ideological route which in certain circumstances expose a terrorist however, not all fundamentalists result to groundless deportment. Although the Plot failed, it show how the state can use religion as a jibe for control consequently leading to desperate measures involving violence. This had significant consequences for Catholics who had to deal with the new laws beingness passed which blocked their ability to vote in parliamentary elections and reading law (The Socialist Newspaper, 2005). This barbaric act of terrorism by the Fundamentalists is a historical moment which was not the last and not only deep down Christianity.Terrorism can be defined as an act intend to hurt more than one person and to instigate change, this term has no roots within fundamentalism which is having faith on the road to having a religious belief system. The term was originally used to describe political groups but has altered to a focus on religion, which no longer focuses only if on Christianity but includes other religions. Many Muslims are concerned with the violent link of terrorism and their religion, the focus should be on Islamic fundamentalism and politics rather than the religion itself. A link ought to be make surrounded by religious groups and violent incidents taking place as a reaction to lack of religious freedom whilst, being conscious that violence doesnt coin place with all members of the fundamentalist movement (Rausch, 2015). Using France as an example, in 2005 Frances National Assembly declared the removal of signs or dress by which students ostensibly express a religious geting, wearing a hijab was considered a threatening act by Muslim fundamentalists (Alan, 2013). The disguised atta ck on Islam has created a social division in France and has led to various violent attacks taking place with the objective to have an ultimate battle with believers and non-believers by mover of achieving their goals through violence (Burke, 2016).This discussion directs us to consider acts of violence by extreme fundamentalists as on going, their goals are long term and for God, terrorists do not expect to live long enough to see how the attacks play out (Rausch, 2015). If religious Fundamentalism and violence are intertwined it is because of Hesperian societys rebuke of the Islamic religion or because of fundamentalist groups viewing themselves as greatest (Alan, 2013). If we look at the terrorist attacks of 9/11 although it may have been order at the economic and political structures of the USA it effected the whole world, followed by attacks in Mad relinquish 2004 and London 2005. The terrorist attacks have also wounded Muslims in Nigeria and Sudan suggesting the motivation for the attacks belong to globalisation whereby people are dependent on the market and tradition is overlooked. The association religion and violence have in the 21st century exposes the control of politics, and people deal with this by conclusion religious fundamentalism movements who use violence to help make sense of the secular world (Huber, 2011).Societies inevitably secularise as they modernize it is contradictory to be modern and religious, this is the definition used when discussing secularisation theories (Woodhead, 20123). phantasmal fundamentalists are judged seriously whereas secularists are deemed good and great when truthfully have played a part in the privatisation of religion (Alan, 2013). Due to secularisation, the education system has become more modernised and schools have limited religious freedom. The state encourages misdirect behaviour via material which Is offensive and immoral for religious groups with no drift to protect the religion of others which isolates them and encourages them to challenge the situation (Almond, Appleby and Sivan, 2003) (Bruce, 2011). Therefore, although certain religious fundamentalist groups have resulted to violence to achieve their goals it is more intertwined with the state and how they impact the decisions made.Furthermore, there is an increasing appeal to claim that religion and politics is not an ideal combination and the reason for the war and violence is because of religion. Whenever fundamentalism and secularism is discussed, its within a violent connotation and asserts the behaviour of religious fundamentalists is revenge against the state for tenseing to clear up religion from politics and an aim to bring religion back to public life story which unfortunately involves violence (Armstrong, 2014). Secularisation can also be discussed using a legislation from France where they separated religion from the state through a policy La Laicite whereby the practice of religion is privatised and the state removes their battle with religion (Trigg, 2007). Yet again we see the involvement of politics associating religious fundamentalism with violence instead of relating the detrimental effects legislations, isolation, disregard for moral values can have on others particularly the youth, diminishing the importance of religion (AbdulRahim, 2010).Most Muslims who feel like they are losing their religious identity are not prepared to practice their religion in a undercover space. Dress code and dietary values are embedded in their beliefs which makes it difficult to disconnect that from their practices. Isolation of many young Muslims in the western world because of economic and political marginalisation leads them to feeling distant and at loggerheads towards the state which can lead to the construction of sub cultures which arrange events such(prenominal) as the July 2005 terror attacks (Gole, 2014). We cant solely link Islam to violence there are other groups who engage in ille gal activity out-of-pocket to being subjected to social and economic marginalisation (Abbas, 2007). Discussing the political goals of Islamic fundamentalists who are terrorists we can see similarities between what steered them to violent acts when looking at Guy Fawkes 17th Century Terrorism.Guy Fawkes was a Catholic who wanted to rid England of its Protestant state by assassinating James I, who was failing the church. It can be argued he fought like a jihadist today who are described as a military movement as they fight for what they identify as right similar with Guy Fawkes. Fawkes believed the best way to spread the Catholic ideology was through terrorist force, he believed Catholicism was the dominant faith and was situated to promote their doctrines rather than the laws of the country. The goal was finally politically similar with Islam who dawdle to terrorist attacks to promote their political ideology through the state by means of the sharia law. Fawkes plot targeted memb ers from another Christian Sect, this demonstrates fundamentalists who promote their violent behaviour through a religious ideology. It is a product of the individual movement in the case of Islam, not all who believe in the Salafi sect and their chosen behaviour are extremists who resort to violent behaviour (Mason Feldman, 2011).The sad events of 9/11 and 7/7 have a left a hostile reaction from the world towards Muslims and Islam, the reactions of the government have been made public and influenced the minds of society (Abbas, 2007). The consequences for the attacks has left Muslims susceptible to racial and ethnic indite in the criminal justice system and the aftermath is the government focus on legislation rather than seeing the situation from the view of society similar to the events after the Gun Power Plot (Mason Feldman, 2011). Instead, the government lead the public to accept the belief that those responsible for the terrorist attacks are Muslims, history continues to excerpt itself (Abbas, 2007).Deliberating religious fundamentalism and violence reminds us of the Golden rule root crosswise religion, to treat your neighbour as you would want to be treated which ultimately shouldnt lead to violence. Yet, in most religion there has never been a hint of no violence across the board, in one way or another all religions have had to deal with the globalised world where violence is unavoidable. For Christians who rejected all forms of violence the moral compass was Jesus and his teachings of get along particularly since his death on the cross was extremely violent which could have led to Christianitys turn away from violence (Huber, 2011). Notably for some fundamentalists the belief in the bible scriptures is a manual for how they should live their lives and they oppose those who dont sweep up their ideals which can lead to a damaging relationship with fundamentalism, especially those unwilling to be accepting of similarities and differences (Mason Feldman, 2011). We need to continue discussing how far fundamentalist groups will go to defend beliefs and values.Granting most fundamental religious beliefs have a trace of violent activities not all groups result to violent behaviour despite the politics and secularisation. Mormons are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints and their values involves having a strong moral compass and regularly attendance religious meetings to discuss how to be a nonviolent active member of the church whilst living in a secular world which diminishes traditional values (Cornwall, Heaton Young 2001). This is similar with Jehovah Witnesses, a more conservative group who base their decisions on a matter of conscience and try to live a life with no immoral actions. They also castigate angry behaviour which leads to violent actions and try to live a life central to Gods teachings and protect society from a corrupt and sinful life style without the use of violence (BBC 2009 Holden , 2005). Both conservative groups demonstrate nonviolent behaviour which leads us to consider that religious fundamentalism and violence may not be intertwined.When discussing extremist fundamentalist groups, most assert their violent behaviour being taken from biblical ideologies, they believe that they are practicing the one true faith and this religious ideology is known as Christian Identity is a (Perlmutter, 2003 Sharpe 2000). The norms of the Christian Identity are influenced by the Ku Klux Klan who justify acts of violence against the government, Jews, homosexuals and non-whites who they believe are not human or a part of Gods creation. lastly believing that aggressive behaviour against marginalised groups is part of the plan to restore Gods haughty white race and establish protestant Christian values (Sharpe, 2000). Whilst this ideology was popular among members it was not accepted by ministers and other Christians who prohibited the partnership with Protestant Christianit y (Baker, 2009). This view was held in particular because of Klansmen who would perform cross burnings which they still to be a symbol of respect for Jesus which they felt was rooted in Christian tradition (Wade, 1998).This interpretation which has been taken from the bible has created a fight where they believe whites are the supreme race fighting for God and non-whites are fighting for Satan (Selepak Sutherland, 2012). The apocalyptic belief extremists hold which emphasises a violent war between good and bad is evidence of the religion being used to defend violent actions and recruit members to join extremist fundamentalist groups (Perlmutter, 2003). This is reinforced in Biblical literature filled with murder stories thereby legitimising violent behaviour and allowing young people to steer towards non-conventional fundamentalist groups with charismatic leaders when feeling distant (Sharpe, 2000). The faith fundamentalist groups have for their charismatic leaders and the justifi cations for the violent behaviour which they encourage has strengthened the telephone number of members for both the Ku Klux Klan and ISIS whilst ignoring the traditional values from the founders of both Islam and Christianity which endorses peace and love for others (Fieudberg, 2014). This suggests that although religious fundamentalist groups will use violence to defend their beliefs they only use parts of their religious literature as a means of achieving this.This promontory has allowed us to discuss whether religious fundamentalism and violence are always intertwined. From defining religious fundamentalism and examining the term in a historical and political context to deliberating fundamentalist groups who have used acts of violence to make their voice heard. We also looked at the misconceptions of conservative fundamentalist groups who do not use violence as a means of displaying their anger even if the nation state is failing them. Weve discovered that acts of violence an d terrorism does not only belong to religious fundamentalism and is the result of a fundamentalist ideological route, more so the behaviour rather than the religious traditions. This is the issue that faces us today. Whats more is Religious fundamentalism and the state are more intertwined and despite secularisation and the lack of support culturally and economically when violence occurs the media and the state create a story which links a religious group to violence. What needs to be publicise is when the nation state fails society by isolating the oppressed in many different conditions. We need to appreciate what broader purpose is being served by linking religious fundamentalism to violence. Violence occurs as a consequence of extreme political legislations and marginalisation of groups rather than as a result of religious beliefs.

Strategies for Reducing Sexual Abuse in Learning Disabled

Strategies for Reducing Sexual maltreatment in learn DisabledReview of databases on social cargon, psychiatry, and psychology revealed dissimilar strategies for pr thus farting cozy detestation in population with intellectual disabilities. These procedures generally seem to smoothen into one of three broad categories remedy measures, designed to minimise the cause of call education and training for rung, victims and/or family members (e.g. p bents) and multi-agency information sharing.Kroese and Thomas (2006) tried the cherish of Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) for treating knowledgeable subvert hurt in nurture change people experiencing recurring nightmares. The intervention produced a statistically signifi tail endt reduction in distress. Further much, these positive effects seemed to endure even when participants were awake. Several studies deplete evaluated the merits of support groups for victims of vitiate (e.g. vocalizer, 1996 Barber et al, 2000). For exam ple Singer (1996) organised group work for magnanimouss living in a residential home. The aim was to teach these individuals how to respond assertively in situations of call. Assertiveness is an crucial skill for victims who often fail to challenge authority, due to low self-esteem, cultism, busheltlement and neglect of awareness of their rights (MENCAP, 2001). Participants learned to respond more assertively when role-playing situations that convoluted informal abuse. However, role-play scenarios often lack the stressful conditions of real-life that may prevent an individual from speaking out. Nevertheless, support groups may provide a valuable therapeutic resource for victims of abuse (Barber et al, 2000).The National Association for the trade security from Sexual contumely of Adults and small fryren with erudition Disabilities (NAPSAC1) identifies the sharing of information between encourageion agencies as a valuable prevention strategy (Ellis Hendry, 1998). Base d on data from a survey of individuals and organisations involved in social business concern, Ellis and Hendry (1998, p.362) emphasised the engage for a foundation level of awareness between specialists in learning deterrent and those involved with nipper egis. Lesseliers and Madden (2005) report the establishment of a friendship centre to encourage systematic exchange of sexual abuse information, which is cordial to two victims and specialists (also see Stein, 1995). The problem with information sharing intents is that they primarily clear service providers (e.g. expanding their knowledge of available therapies), rather than the victims themselves. Finally, several studies have tested the efficacy of education and training programmes, targeted at staff, victims, and/or family members (e.g. Martorella Portugues, 1998 Tichon, 1998 Bruder Kroese, 2005). Bruder and Kroese (2005) reviewed clinical studies that evaluated the value of teaching protection skills to learning dis abled adults and baberen. Findings revealed that adults could be successfully taught such skills, although the generality and longevity of these abilities was questionable. Martorella and Portugues (1998) conducted workshops with parents, based on the premise that prevention is outmatch achieved by making family members aware of sexual issues concerning their children. Parents were provided with printed materials and videos on puberty, childhood sexual fantasies, and other(a) related topics. Following these sessions many a nonher(prenominal) parents re-evaluated their children, and demonstrated a re-create urge to support and protect their children. Overall, training and education schemes seem to have immediate albeit short-lived psychological benefits, for both the victim and their families.Discuss the Similarities in Vulnerable Adult Sexual deprave and Child Sexual execrationThere are similarities in terms of the reasons why disabled people are susceptible to abuse (MENCAP , 2001), psychopathological and social effects of abuse (Sequeira Hollins, 2003), admit issues, and protection requirements ( do, 2002a, 2002b). The MENCAP (2001) report identifies seven reasons for increased photograph in adults, most of which may equally apply to children they take low self-esteem, long-run dependency on portion outrs, lack of awareness, fear to challenge authority, powerlessness to consent to sexual relationships, inability to recognise abuse when it occurs, and fear of reporting incidents of abuse. These concerns are compatible with factors the National Society for the cake of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC, 2002) implicates in child vulnerability. They include childrens lack of awareness and education a learned falter to complain dependency on carers, which can make it unmanageable for a child to avoid abuse and general disempowerment. Whereas factors such as fear of authority and low self-esteem may be ambiguous, and hence difficult to detect, long-term de pendency on a care giver is a much more tangible characteristic that increases susceptibility to abuse, in both adults and children. The risk may be higher in children because their level of dependance is usually more extreme. However, severely impaired adults may also be highly dependent on another person for their day-to-day care (MENCAP, 2001).In their review of the literature on the clinical effects of sexual abuse in intellectually disabled people, Sequeira and Hollins (2003) found that both children and adults exhibited demeanoral problems, sexually in beguile behaviours, and various forms of psychopathology. However, some evidence suggests that children may be more overwhelmed by the experience of sexual abuse, often with long-term and malign consequences for mental health (Green, 1995). Moreover the damaging effects of sexual abuse may be compounded in both adults and children when the abuser is cognize to the victim (e.g. family member). However, Sequeira and Hollins (2 003) warn against drawing conclusive inferences regarding the clinical impact of abuse on disabled populations. Firstly many studies rely on informants (e.g. family members) for their data, many of whom may be ignorant of the internal psychiatric and cognitive trauma that a disabled person might be experiencing. Thus, any patent similarities between children and adults in how they respond to sexual abuse may not reflect less obvious discrepancies in psychopathology. Sequeira and Hollins (2003) emphasise the need for more reliable diagnostic criteria.The MENCAP (2001) report stresses the issue of consent. Both children and adults often lack the ability to give consent albeit for variant reasons. Children may simply not have any understanding of sexual activity, its consequences, and how to distinguish sexual behaviour from other forms of physical contact (e.g. hugging) and personal care (e.g. bathing). Although most adults lead have a better grasp of sexuality, some may be unable to give consent if their learning balk is extremely severe. Regardless, adult and child sexual abuse denotes a lack of consent. Furthermore, both forms of abuse may require similar safeguards. There is a mutual need to create more awareness amongst the general public about the vulnerability of people with learning disabilities (NSPCC, 2002). Community building, staff training, and other protective measures will benefit both children and adults (Ellis Hendry, 1998 Barter, 2001 Davies, 2004).Can the Keeping Safe Child Protection Strategy Work with Adults with scholarship Disabilities?The Department of Health has made various recommendations for keeping children safe (DOH, 2002a). These include having a sound statutory modelling encouraging professionals from different specialities/agencies to work together assessing childrens needs and the ramble of support services provided by organisations and community groups considering the impact of strategies designed for defenceless adult s on children involving both children and family members in making decisions about what services the child needs monitoring how well councils are delivering the system and recruiting, training, and supervising commensurate care staff. These proposals are a direct response to the Victoria Climbie research report. Overall they emphasise risk assessment, recognition of abuse, and information sharing, consistent with other published literature (e.g. Ellis Hendry, 1998 Lesseliers Madden, 2005). By contrast, the Department of Health prescribes a different set of guidelines for adults, referred to as the Protection of Vulnerable Adults Scheme, or POVA (DOH, 2004). Central to the scheme is the POVA list Through referrals to, and checks against the list, care workers who have harmed a vulnerable adult, or placed a vulnerable adult at risk of harm, (whether or not in the course of their employment) will be banned from operative in a care position with vulnerable adults. As a result, the POVA scheme will significantly enhance the level of protection for vulnerable adults (DOH, 2004, p.5). The POVA system is supposed to complement other schemes, such as MENCAPS nates closed doors plan (MENCAPS, 2001).The child protection scheme can be adapted to work with adults. Many child safety measures focus on staff performance (e.g. working together, recruitment, training). For example, it is a requirement that staff are trained sufficiently to recognise whether a childs wounding or illness might be the result of abuse or neglect (DOH, 2004, p.7). By implication, it should be possible to modify training protocol so that staff can also identify sexual abuse in vulnerable adults. For example, Lunsky and Benson (2000) identify some issues to be considered when interviewing developmentally disabled adults about sexual abuse, notably the appropriateness of using detailed drawings and dolls apply in assessing children (Martorella Portugues, 1998). Proposals designed to help iden tify the need for protection and allay information sharing, such as community neighbourhood watch arrangements, can be extended to adults. What modifications would be required? MENCAPS (2001) highlights the need for a commensurate mechanism for establishing consent between adults. Vulnerable adults have the same sexual rights and privileges as the general population, and these rights have to be accommodated within any protection strategy. Staff training on child protection can include guidelines for identifying adults who are able to give consent to sexual relations (e.g. suggesting appropriate tests to use), and protecting those who cant. Additionally, MENCAPS (2001) emphasises the need to tighten standards for people who work with adults (p.16). The POVA scheme is set up precisely to address this issue, albeit retrospectively, after abuse has occurred (DOH, 2003). Improvements in staff recruitment, training, and monitoring can be implemented that benefit both children and adults .BibliographyBarber, M., Jenkins, R. Jones, C. (2000) A survivors group for women who have alearning disability. British journal of Developmental Studies, 46, pp.31-41.Barter, K. (2001) Building community a conceptual fashion model for child protection.Child Abuse Review. 10, pp.262-278.Bruder, C. Kroese, B.S. (2005) The efficacy of interventions designed to prevent andprotect people with intellectual disabilities from sexual abuse a review of theliterature. ledger of Adult Protection, 7, pp.13-27.Davies, L. (2004) The difference between child abuse and child protection could be youcreating a community network of protective adults. Child Abuse Review. 13,pp.426-432.DOH (2002a) ramparting Children A Joint Chief Inspectors Report on Arrangementsto Safeguard Children. London. DOH.DOH (2002b) No secrets The Protection of Vulnerable Adults from Abuse Local Codesof Practice. London. DOH.DOH (2004) Protection of Vulnerable Adults (POVA) scheme in England and Wales forcare homes and do miciliary care agencies A Practical Guide. London. DOH.Ellis, R. Hendry, E.B. (1998) Do we all know the score? Child Abuse Review. 7,pp.360-363.Green, A.H. (1995) Comparing child victims and adult survivors Clues to thepathogenesis of child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy ofPsychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry. 23, pp.655-670.Kroese, B.S. Thomas, G. (2006) Treating chronic nightmares of sexual attaintsurvivors with an intellectual disability two descriptive case studies. Journal ofuse Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19, pp.75-80.Lesseliers, J. Madden, P. (2005) European Knowledge Centre for the Prevention ofand Response to Sexual Abuse of People with a Learning Disability. LearningDisability Review, 10, pp.18-21.Lunsky, Y. Benson, B.A. (2000) Are anatomically detailed dolls and drawingsappropriate tools for use with adults with developmental disabilities? Apreliminary investigation. Journal-on-Developmental-Disabilities. 7, pp.66-76.Martorella, A.M. Port ugues, A.M. (1998) Prevention of sexual abuse in children withlearning disabilities. Child Abuse Review, 7, pp.355-359.MENCAP (2001) Behined Closed Doors Preventing Sexual Abuse Against Adults witha Learning Disability. London. MENCAPNSPCC (2002) Disabled children and abuse online. London, NSPCC. Available fromhttp//www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/OnlineResources/InformationBriefings/Disabledasp_ifega26019.html Accessed 10 March 2006.Sequeira, H. Hollins, S. (2003) clinical effects of sexual abuse on people with learningdisability Critical literature review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 82, pp.13-19.Singer, N. (1996) Evaluation of a self-defence group for clients living in a residentialgroup home. British-Journal-of-Developmental-Disabilities. 42, pp.54-62.Tichon, J. (1998) Abuse of adults with an intellectual disability by family caregivers theneed for a family-centred intervention. Australian affectionate Work, 51, pp.55-59.1Footnotes1 Now known as the Ann Craft Trust.

Domestic Violence and Health Promotion for Mildura

Domestic Violence and thoroughlyness Promotion for MilduraIn Australia, e very(prenominal) 1 in 4 souls atomic number 18 affected by interior(prenominal) athletic give birtheratedated forcefulness, with Mildura ranking the second racyest place for family vehe custodyce in Victoria (Domestic fierceness resource centre Victoria, 2016). Domestic personnel is a pattern of abusive behaviour by dint of which a person seeks to control and dominate another person, in which they may devote relations with. It is not only fleshly, however support back out on some other forms including sexual, emotional, social, spiritual and economic abuse that foot be evenly harmful. Violence a masterst wowork force is far greater with 17 per cent of all wo hands and 5 per cent of workforce experiencing delirium by a partner since the shape up of 15 (Phillips, 2017). 85-90% of incidents of municipal forcefulness occur with children present, and impacts over one gazillion Australian children a year (Sutherland, 2015).Victims suffer presbyopic term physical and psychological harm that open fire lead to negative behaviours such as drug and inebriant use, inherited grief and trauma, poverty and loss of traditional male and female aim models within the familiarity. Research has shown that the biggest contri exactlyor to domestic violence in regional Australia is the negative attitudes of men towards women, within a community that determine traditional patriarchal sexual activity component parts, combined with increment alcohol consumption and the vulner mightiness of women and children (Sutherland, 2015). This essay will explore latent and past wellness procession strategies for domestic violence that would be unspoilt to lend oneself within Mildura, how they dress with the Ottawa charter, wellness progress values and principles, and the contribution of occupational therapists.Health procession strategiesMandatory crop- ground health programsScho ol-based programs append the strongest evidence of effectiveness in relation to violence bar programs (Flood, Fergus, Heenan, 2009). As a primary go alongion plan, mandatory school based programs that strike on a holistic approach finished educating and advocating against domestic violence within both school and communities has demonstrated effectiveness in minify family violence. Student-oriented activities including creation of DVDs, rap songs and other forms of media that raise aw areness of domestic violence can be presented at different community events. Students are not only ameliorate somewhat negative effects of domestic violence, but they are influenced to feel accountable to advocate against it through community displays of their school fiddle. The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation identified two programs in particular that were successful in influencing and authorizeing students to reshape their attitudes active this issue (Flood et al., 2009). positive degree Relationships and successful lives ran by Mallee sexual assault unit, was conducted within a mainstream supplemental college, a specialist school for students who have an intellectual disability, and a local anesthetic Indigenous KODE school. Students participated in a range of media based activities, in which they presented at community forums. Flood, Fergus and Heenan (2009) depicted that this program was successful collectible to allowing students and the community to work together to advocate against domestic violence, the inclusion of indigenous and specialist schools, and universe student-driven content that could be used in other prevention programs crosswise the states.In addition, solving the Jigsaw, a program ran within schools of Loddon Mallee region educated children to understand the role of power and control over others to the culture of violence. They were to rank types of power, abuse and violence and acknowledge how violence should not be unplowed a secre t. Milne (2006) stated in her clinical review that it challenged societys ideology e.g. gender issues, self-regard, culture of violence and providing confronting material that children can relate to. Children mat up machine-accessible within the group, and at ease showing care to one another. It boost them to identify what actions were portrayed as violent, how to respond to situations and to speak out about their be intimates. Both programs were successful in influencing students to view violence as unacceptable, and incite them to seek help if needed.Behaviour diversity programsA behaviour change program that aims to change mens patriarchal ideology that men can take control over women, through belief them to respond differently to start out situations as well as counselling for alcohol driven domestic violence should be implemented in Mildura. Education and training can help perpetrators recognise their behaviour is abusive, and explore the use of non-violent strategies that promote evoke relationships built on respect, trust, and equality. A program in regional NSW called victorious Responsibility, has proven to have successful outcomes for men who wish to be mend their relationships with partners and/or children. The program was evaluated using follow up interviews of men and partners of the men attending the program. Intended positive outcomes were achieved and expressed through quotations of the participants, and benefits included that men had learnt to change their attitudes towards women, and new ways to express their feelings instead of violence. Men tangle they were accepted back by their partners which restored intimate partner relationships and strengthened family bonds. In addition, implementing cognitive-behavioural approaches has in addition proven successful in reducing alcohol connect domestic violence. 53% per cent of women that have been physically assaulted by a male (in the past twenty years) reported that alcohol or drugs had been knobbed in their most recent incident (Phillips, 2017). Satyanarayana et al (2016) tack together that teaching cognitive-behavioral techniques including relaxation, anger heed, assertiveness training and cognitive restructuring, is able to decrease alcohol consumption amongst men, and resulted in their partners having less depression, anxiety and stress from the DASS scores following(a) interventionMixed gender community sports programsA strategy that takes on a socio-environmental approach, is the use of long-familiar sports players to advocate against domestic violence through promoting positive relationships betwixt girls and boys during mixed gender sports programs within the community. AFL football game players can volunteer to participate within local football clubs to educate children about domestic violence, teaching them about what it is and why it is not acceptable, how to respond or avoid potential situations that could lead to violence, and access to help s uch as websites or phone lines. As children may view these players as role models, they will be more influenced to listen to them when out on the field. An 8 week trial program called Equal Playing Field ran by the Rugby League used sport to minimise violence and assaults in less advantaged communities. This was first implemented for children in Papua New Guinea, and due to the high success rates, a school in Wollongong called Berkeleys Illawarra Sports High decided to in any case run the program. As a result, there were m either positive reviews from both students, parents and the community when the well- known rugby players volunteered to educate the boys and girls during games of rugby. The mixed gender teams were pass around to show good sportsmanship and positive behaviour and actions towards each-other, and acknowledge that violence between men and women within the home is not acceptable (Huntsdale, 2017). A akin(predicate) program called Kicking goals for Healthy Relation ships, created through the partnership of VicHealth and the Australian football league excessively depicted to be successful in move local rural communities and football clubs to promote respectful relationships between men and women (Loxton, Hosking, Williams, Brookes, Byles, 2008). Activities advocated and supported change in football club practises and policies to ensure safe, auxiliary and inclusive environments for women Both programs demonstrated the impressiveness of using primary prevention interventions in highly masculinised environments (in this case sporting clubs), as boys attitudes are a good deal shaped by other men they view as role models.The Ottawa charter and related health promotion values and principlesThe ability to create supportive environments and simultaneously strengthen community action is greatly shown in both Mandatory school based programs and community sports programs. These programs encourage people to care for each other through educating both students and the community to build healthy and respectful relationships with each other, and encourages change in attitudes towards domestic violence. This also strengthens the community actions as they are empowered to take ownership of these strategies such as advocating against domestic violence through displaying school work, or gathering at community sports events to advocate against domestic violence (The terra firma health organisation, 2017). Through using methods such as education to empower youth to view domestic violence as unacceptable, both strategies align with Ottawa charter reorient health services as they tension strongly on primary promotion and preventative measures quite than unessential/ tertiary.Establishing a policy where school based programs for domestic violence are made mandatory for all schools also aligns with building healthy macrocosm policy. It also greatly respects ethnic diversity as students and/or schools from different culturally backgro unds i.g the local indigenous KODE school can implement the program. The community sports program mediates the ability for capacity building through quislingism and coordination of multiple parties within the community including local sports clubs and their teams, parents and AFL members. Therefore using preexisting skills and resources within the community, not only encourages their participation, but also empowers them to feel responsible for this program which will help it remain sustainable in the long run.The behaviour change program supports Ottawa charter stickment of individualised skills as it provides education and training for perpetrators of violence to develop skills, which enable them to have more control over their actions, so that they can respond appropriately to triggers that in the past would result in violence. This program takes on a holistic health approach through targeting perpetrators rather than the victims of domestic violence, in which far more progra ms for victims exist. Therefore, rather than focusing on treating consequences of domestic violence (i.e illness/injury) it takes into account the broader determinants of the people involved, such as their motivation for violenceoccupational Therapy and health promotionOccupational therapists in Australia and worldwide can play a huge role in contributing to health promotion. They have the potential to raise awareness of domestic violence due to first- hand experience, however as there is little research available in occupational therapy literature, it is very difficult to single out well-known health promotion strategies. Some researchers have realised this, and conducted a domineering review of past programs/interventions implemented by occupational therapists who worked with victims of domestic violence. Carlson and Streit (2010) found that O.Ts have worked in more secondary/tertiary prevention settings, and primordial areas where they have added value in addressing domestic v iolence included advocating the importance of social support systems, providing training for emotional and financial troubles, as well as education on caoutchouc.Ramsay et al (2009) and Gutman et al (2004) depicted the definitive of occupational therapists using advocacy to connect those who were experiencing or had experienced domestic violence with social supports around the community and giving them resources that can help them pay back independent. It was found that women who were able to use community resources to find shelters or programs where other women in similar situations were found, was beneficial in stopping or preventing domestic violence. Through providing a range of support systems women learn to become re- pursue within their daily occupations and increase community participation.A stress management program for abused women promoted improvement in emotional well-being (Gutman et al, 2004). Women experience stress due to emotional issues surrounding the violence including feelings of helplessness and believe they deserved. Through learning strategies to manage stress, many participants were able to generalise learnt strategies out-of-door the clinic, and increased their participation in previous activities that they were not able to do beforehand. Gutman et al (2004) also illustrated the importance of safety education, to decrease risk of partners congruous victim to domestic violence. Occupational therapists worked with woman to develop a safety plan identifying a safe place to escape and connections to support systems so they could safety escape violent situations.Employment skills were the focus of an intervention knowing by Helfrich and Rivera (2006), which supported women who had left their violent partners. Group sessions taught victims how to search for, follow through for, and confine a job, including how to write resumes, where and how to apply, completing mock interviews, and ways to advance in a job. Feedback given by partic ipants were mostly positive and felt that they had learnt necessary skills to obtain a job within their community.Common challenges for occupational therapistsIt is somewhat difficult for occupational therapists to take particular health promotion approaches to address domestic violence. More than half of occupational therapists work in hospitals or outpatient settings where they fill secondary or tertiary health promoting roles through empowering people through education, training and equipment. Their aim being that their clients can develop the necessary skills to manage their chronic disease or injury and prevent further deterioration and potential secondary conditions. If occupational therapists turned to a more upstream primary prevention approach, it would be difficult to maintain the quality of services in the traditional downstream approach, and thus eon constraints is also a pressure to sop up preventative health promotion role alongside their current remit (Scriven, Atw al, 2004).Occupational therapists, like any health profession, need to work with not only the health conditions of the community, but also their attitudes and social/cultural norms which can be barriers to implementing new programs. Communities that support or encourage the use of violence will make it very difficult for occupational therapist to implement a program advocates against domestic violence. For example intimate partner violence is accepted across India, Nigeria and China, where men have the right to discipline female behaviour. Sub groups of communities, can also have differing views of family violence, for example the indigenous communities or isolated rural areas within Australia may accept violence as a part of their culture, compared to the absolute majority of the population who condone it (World Health Organisation, 2009).Lack of partnerships to establish a health promotion strategy is also a limitation for occupational therapists. conclusion has shown that occup ational therapists often use concepts and medical terminology that can be misunderstood and possibly misconstrued in health promotion partnership arenas (Wilcock 1999, Townsend 1999). It is also found that it is easier for an occupational therapist to implement secondary health promotion such as cognitive behavioural training for perpetrators of violence rather than working towards implementing primary preventative approaches that rely on other organisations.In conclusion, with domestic violence being a significant issue in Mildura, health promotion strategies such as mandatory school based programs, behaviour change programs for perpetrators and community sports programs can influence members of the community to take a shit or change their attitudes towards domestic violence, to foster for healthy and respectful relationships. Occupational therapists face many challenges in the area of health promotion, as its harder for them to adopt an upstream primary preventative approach, due to time constraints and demands for secondary/tertiary care, as well as difficulty building partnerships and working with the differing cultural and social attitudes of specific communities. Furthermore, for occupational therapists wanting to become more engaged with health promotion, they need to be prepared to go extra lengths to gain power and respect from others, and have specific skills and resources to be able to help for an upstream approach, to preventing domestic violence in Mildura.

English Language Education Is Critical For Hong Kong

side of meat spoken communication Education Is Critical For Hong KongHong Kong is a former British crown closure ,and is currently a Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of chinaw ar. Hong Kong had been a British crown colony for more than 100 years (Hong Kong). Hong Kongs sancti wholenessd corpse, monetary system, upbringingal system, and culture have been influenced by the British, and Hong Kong is now one of the distinguished financial centres in Asia (Meyer 219). Hong Kongs official vocabulary is mandated as Chinese and incline according to the Basic Law (Hong Kong). After the return of sovereignty to China, Hong Kongs standby direction system shifted twice, in 1997 nearly eighty percentageage of the schools were forced to use Chinese as a medium of financial statement (MoI) known as the mother-tongue precept insurance (Choi 673-674). In 2008, the secondary schools were depute their MoI with the reference to the admission grades of grade 6 sch olarly persons known as the fine-tuning form _or_ system of government (Suen 1). Medium of Instruction is defined as a spoken language regeneration which is utilize in educational settings for purposes of teaching and learning (Medium of Instruction).There have been repercussions among the stakeholders of the educational system including p bents, university professors, corporations, etc., as students incline competency has been declined due to the education policy change (Flowerdew Li and Miller). Thus, should incline should be employ as a MoI in hong Kong secondary and tertiart education? incline should be utilize rather than Chinese in secondary and post-secondary education because it evict foster scotchal development (Ng 1), it is beneficial for student career paths (Flowerdew, Li and Miller 206), and it is an world(prenominal) language (Shen 112).Hong Kong language education policy has long been a policy-making issue rather than an educational issue (Tsui et al . 200). Under the rule of the enormous Britain, colonial educational policy has been adopted (Flowerdew, Li, and Miller 204). This is utilize for educating a small group of local elites who act as the middleperson amongst the British officials and the local Hong Kong citizens (Flowerdew, Li, and Miller 205). For elementary education, schools are under the laissez-faire policy, which the schools washbowl pick and choose their own MoI (Lai and Byram 316). From secondary to post-secondary level, English is mostly used as the MoI. Flowerdew, Li ,and Miller has indicated that during the 1980s, 90% of the secondary schools are used in English. At the same time, the colonial Hong Kong government had disagreed with the mixed-mode approach on teaching, which is described as using Cantonese to explain terms and definitions, and using English on teaching and testing materials (Flowerdew, Li, and Miller 205). In the early 1990s, the colonial government had change magnitude the number of u niversities in order to meet the lead of the needs of the professionals in the flourishing economy (Flowerdew, Li, and Miller 206). The number of universities had increased from two to eight, and six out of eight are used English as MoI for lectures and tutorials. On 1997, Hong Kong became a part of the Chinese territory. On September, 1997, the mother-tongue education policy had been enforced (Lee 13). Only 114 secondary schools are allowed to use English as MoI, and more than 300 secondary schools had to use Chinese as MoI (Lee 13). On 2008, fine-tuning policy had been enforced, as the Hong Kong government tried to eliminate the veto labelling effect of the English and the Chinese schools (Suen 6).Even though currently Hong Kong is a part of the Chinese territory, English should be used as the MoI in the secondary and post-secondary education system. beginning(a), English as MoI can boost the economic growth of Hong Kong. Hong Kong is one of the Asias supranational financial c entres, and English is commonly used as the medium of communication in Business, the local workforce has to be fluent in English to croak with investors and clients (Lee 98). The future generation are exposed more to the English language environment because MoI is English. Because of this, the prospective international companies may consider Hong Kong as the regional headquarters which can alter economic development, and create more jobs . Besides, as Chinas economy is growing rapidly, some international corporations see Hong Kong as a gateway to China (Lee 98). China opens its door to the world in the mid-1980s, Hong Kong has graduation exercisely became as an entrepot, and now becomes the middleperson between China and the world. Entrepot is defined as a centre at which goods are received for subsequent distri justion (Entrepot). In order to financial support the current personate as the middleperson and the gateway of China, English is more important than ever. Moreover, us ing English as MoI can train students to think in the language and use as a lingua franca, so that they can easily adapt the western cultures and beliefs (Ng 5). Lingua franca is any form of language serving as a means of communication between speakers of opposite languages (Lingua franca). That can make international corporations to enter Hong Kong at ease because citizens are already exposed to the western cultures and thoughts.Second, English as MoI is critical to student career prospective. In the competitive city like Hong Kong, higher contrary language ability, for example, English can ensure a secured employment and financial future for the students (Lee 25). As mentioned above, Hong Kong is an international city, and English is used as MoI in university, it is crucial for students to use English as MoI. When the mother-tongue education policy is mandatorily implemented, some parents broke into tears that their children cannot go to those English schools (Lee 26). Apart fro m that, university lecturers from the urban center University of Hong Kong overly complained that students English ability is weak, sometimes the situation makes lecturers difficult to communicate with their fellow students and explore new ideas with their students (Flowerdew, Li ,and Miller 213). As a whole, this can dampen the knowledge that students receive, and affect the creditability of the Hong Kong university graduates. Flowerdew, Li, and Miller quoted from different surveys that secondary school students, university students, and teaching professionals are prone to English as MoI (qtd. in Pennington and Yue Hylan Lin et al. Richard, Tung, and Ng). Lau, a secondary school English department chair as well indicated English is important for students future in the long-run. Therefore, Hong Kong government should use English as MoI in secondary and post-secondary education.Third, English is an international language. International language is described as a language that can achieve a genuinely global status, when it develops a special role that is recognized in every country (Nunan 590). English is a lingua franca because it is widely used in world politics, telecommunications, business, mass media, technology, and education (Shen 113). For international relations, there are 85 percent of the world organizations using English. For popular music, 99 percent of the work is in English (Shen 113). In order to broaden students horizons, education in Hong Kong should be used in English as MoI. By broadening their horizons, students learning can be enhanced.On the contrary, there are challenges on using English as MoI. Although English as MoI benefits students, first language teaching is the most effective way to learn (Suen). First language is defined as the first language that an individual learns, also known as L1 (First language). On the other hand, using English as MoI go forth create the rising of elitism which refers to a description of attitudes that are ascribed to a higher social class, or to anyone in a superordinate position (elitism Flowerdew, Li, and Miller). Hong Kong is well-known for its social strata possibility. According to the Gini index, which is an index measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country, Hong Kong has ranked in 17 among one hundred thirty-five countries, and Hong Kong has the highest rank among developed nations (Distribution of family income- Gini index). If English again has been enforced as the MoI, the gap between the rich and the poor will be widened, and the situation will create social unrest.Despite the fact that English as MoI has its disadvantages, its benefits chill out outweigh the disadvantages. Hong Kong educational system should be used English as the Medium of Instruction not only in secondary and post-secondary schools, but also in elementary schools or even pre-schools. Hong Kong government should render ways to develop English as the L1 for their citizens, and they should learn the experience from capital of Singapore (Ng). Hong Kong government should also maintain a consistent and sustainable education system. As I have said, Hong Kong has shifted its educational system at least twice over the past 10 years. In order to puddle a knowledgeable workforce, a stable system should be used. originally making any changes to the educational system, Hong Kong government should examine the pros and cons of the changes to the educational system thoroughly and publish the policy in a more unprejudiced way.Format MLA/ Word Count 1484Work CitedAsh, Robert. Hong Kong in Transition i Country, Two Systems. Taylor Francis, 2002. My Library. Web.20 Nov. 2010Choi, Po King. The best students will learn English ultra-utilitarianism and lingual imperialism in education in post-1997 Hong Kong. ledger of Education Policy 18.6 (2003) 673-694. schoolman Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.Distribution of family income Gini index . CIA World Factbook. Washington CIA, 2009. credo Reference. Web. 06 Dec. 2010.elitism. The Blackwell lexicon of Political Science. Oxford Blackwell Publishers, 1999. Credo Reference. Web. 12 Dec. 2010.entrepot. The Penguin vocabulary of Economics. London Penguin, 2003. Credo Reference. Web. 12 Dec. 2010.first language. A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Edinburg Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 12 Dec. 2010.Flowerdew, John, David Li, and Lindsay Miller. Attitudes Towards English and Cantonese Among Hong Kong Chinese University Lecturers. TESOL Quarterly 32.2 (1998) 201-31. ERIC. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.Distribution of family income Gini index. CIA World Factbook. Washington CIA, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 12 December 2010.Gow, Lyn, and Others And. The Effects of English Language Ability on Approaches to Learning. RELC Journal A Journal of Language Teaching and Research in atomic number 34 Asia 22.1 (1991) 49-68. ERIC. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.Hong Kong. encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite. ChicagoEncyclopaedia Britannica, 2009.Ingham, Michael. Hong Kong A Cultural History. Oxford University Press USA, 2007. Web. 19 Nov. 2010.Language (Hong Kong). Encyclopedia of mail service-Colonial Literatures in English. London Routledge, 2005. Credo Reference. Web. 09 Dec. 2010.Lau, Tony. My philosophy and reflections regarding English Language education KLA. Hong Kong Tak insolate Secondary School, 2003. Web.Lee, Tony Tung Kiu. The debate on change of medium of assertion in Hong Kong secondary schools. Diss. University of Toronto (Canada), 2003. Dissertations Theses Full Text, ProQuest. Web. 12 Dec. 2010.lingua franca. A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Edinburg Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 12 Dec. 2010.medium of instruction (MoI). A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Edinburg Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 21 Nov. 2010.Meyer, David R.. Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis. Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography. Cambridge University Press, 2000. My library. Web. 20 Nov. 2010.Ng, Eng Hen. Ministry of Education, Singapore Speeches. Singapore Government, 17 August 2008. Web. 20 Nov. 2010.Nunan, David. The Impact of English as a Global Language on Educational Policies and Practices in the Asia-Pacific Region. TESOL Quarterly A Journal for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages and of Standard English as a Second Dialect 37.4 (2003) 589-613. ERIC. EBSCO. Web. 9 Dec. 2010.Shen, Qi. Globalization of English and English Language Policies in East Asia a Comparative perspective. Canadian Social Science 5.3 (2009) 111-120. Canadian Reference Centre. EBSCO. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.Suen, Michael. EDB- Speeches and Articles by shelter for Education. The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , 16 Feb. 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2010.Tsang, Steve. A Modern History of Hong Kong. London New York I.B. Tauris, 2003. Net Library . Web. 21 Nov. 2010.Tsui, Amy B. M., et al. Which docket? Medium of Instruction Policy in Post-1997 Hong Kong. Language, Culture, and Curriculum 12.3 (1999) 196-214. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Web. 12 Dec. 2010.Yau, Elaine. HKIEd tunes in to the fine-tuning of English language presentation. South China Morning Post 17 Jan. 2009. General OneFile. Web. 21 Nov.2010.

Quorum Sensing And Its Importance To Biotechnology

Quorum sense And Its Importance To BiotechnologyQuorum spotting asideers say-so to create coordinateed bacteria capable of invading hobocer cells. It is possible to look the macrocosm of impudent anti-cancer therapeutics by the addition of cancer-destructing modules to these microbic biosensors. Another operation of QS and quorum fulfil lies in the creation of transgenic plants that atomic number 18 able to defend themselves against vulgar bacterial pathogens. It plays a main role in instructionling a diversity of microbial cell activities, such as biofilm formation and sourness that considerably impact human health, agriculture, and commercial message end product and transport systems. Quorum detection is cell-to-cell talk in bacteria have ability to control maturation, sporulation, and antibiotic drug drug tax deduction in addition virulence factor induction, cell sundry(a)iation, moreover totallysome flux along with unembellished physiological eve nts in pathogenic bacterial infections. Scientists now a days creating more possible benefits from quorum spotting and off course there is lots of potential training for hikement in 2011ranging from marine to human disorders.CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONSeveral unicellular microorganisms engage downcast prefigureing molecules to find out their local concentration. The processes involved in the production and recognitionof these sign ups be ingredientrally known as quorum sensing (QS). Unicellular microorganisms to shell out their activities utilise this kind of cell-to-cell discourse, which allows them to work as multi-cellular systems. Newly, several groups have confirmed near intraspeciesand inter-species communication through and through synthetic rounds, which incorporate components of bacterial QSsystems. Engineered QS- posteriord circuits have a broad range of applications such as production of biochemicals, tissue engineer, similarly mixed-species fermentations. They atomic number 18 alike extremely habitful in designing microbial biosensors toidentify bacterial species present in the milieu andinside life history organisms. In this articlethe opposite shipway inwhich look forers have designed QS-based circuits andtheir applications in ergonomics be explained.A ten dollar bill ago, the secretion and perception of minorsignalling molecules that in turn are transduced tocoordinate behavior of a smallest unit of microorganisms was named quorum sensing by EP Greenberg with colleagues. Ever since then, an exponential growth in saying and occurrence of quorum-sensing systemshas substantial, with sightings ranging from virulence inhuman along with plant pathogens to degradative efficiency ofactivated sludge. Not amazingly, regulatory mechanisms span traditional inducer/repressor motifs homologic to thelac operon to the untriedly discovered interfering RNAs.Advance characterization of signalling circuits, coupled with creative emplacement applications, propose a wealth of prospects for advancing commercial biotechnology(reviewed by can C March and William E Bentley 2004).Researchers in biotechnology continuously stress new platforms from which to address problems manifesto that, in a broad sense, correct efficacy, while maintaining or intensifying specificity. Most freshly, microbial quorum sensing has emerged as such a technology. Because microbial communities absorb a small space, concentrations of extracellular signalling molecules have up, providing motivation for unique and various cellular responses along with security system from rival microbial communities. Referred to as quorum sensing for its regularly reported and synchronic dependence on high population niggardness (Joyce EA et al 2004), extracellular signalinggives a novel basis for control over molecular in like manner cellular processes along with population behaviour, possibly in a behavior more reliable with that of native physiology. Quoru m sensing might be the base upon which the more complicated intracellular communication found in mature level organisms has evolved.Defining quorum sensingQuorum Sensing considered a signalling molecule, a compound has to result a reaction in a population of cells that is different from the approach in which the cells would perform in strung-outly. There are two types of quorum sensing species- specific and interspecies.Species-specific quorum sensing in grand-negative bacteria is intercede by acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) with numerous moieties distinguishing signals between species (Fuqua C, Parsek MR, Greenberg EP 2001). In Gram- positive bacteria, species-specific quorum sensing is ingredientrallyassist through small peptidesFigure1.Structure of bacterial Quurom sensing signals. Gram-negative bacteria like V.Fischeri and genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa use acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as signals. The structure of mature AIP-I (from Staphylococcus aureus) is shown as a repr esentative of the translationally derived auto-inducing peptides (AIPs) use by Gram-positive bacteria as signals for QS.Source-Functions of quorum sensingQuorum sensing is supposed to control ability development, sporulation, and antibiotic synthesis similarly virulence factor induction, cell differentiation, and nutrient flux along with extra physiological events in pathogenic bacterial infections (Cvitkovitch DGGreenberg EP,Yarwood JM,2003).to a greater extent lately, quorum sensing was connected through proteomic analysis to increased pathogenic ability in tubercular strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Arevalo-Ferro C, et all 2004)Webb and co-workers (Webb JS, et al 2003), reviewed work on programmed cell death positive(p)micro small town differentiation in biofilms. As biofilms age, cellular differentiation and death alter nutrient sequestration and allow for bio- film sustenance when nutrients become limited. though the functions of cell differentiation and programmed cell d eath are actually at odds, they can be described as an evolutionary progressionthat allows biofilms of prokaryotes to perform and oblige as multiceewllular organisms, a behavior that emerges to be matched through quorum sensing (Webb JS, et al 2003).CHAPTER 2Applications of Quorum sensing in biotechnologyComponents of bacterial QS systems form an fundamental part of many another(prenominal) artificial genetic circuits that control phenomena such as bistable behavior, pulse response, spatio-temporal control of gene carriage, and population control (Purnick and Weiss 2009). In this section, the applications of engineered QS systems for the production of biochemicals, tissue engineering, and mixed- species fermentations are highlighted (Fig. 2). Detailed explanation ofcurrent progress in make QS-based microbial biosensors and QS-based biocontrol are given. Lastly, discussion of QS inhibition as a feasible strategy for the decline of biofouling is given. Also different application s of QS in biotechnology are given.Engineered Quorum Sensing systemsThe brightfield of synthetic biology seeks to generatenovel biological systems by applying the fundamental engineering principles of standardization and hierarchical abstraction to GE engineering (Purnick and Weiss 2009). This method allows designers to build and optimize compound genetic circuits that perform new functions, such as DNA-damage-induced biofilm formation and preservation of synthetic ecosystems (Balagadde et al. 2008 Kobayashi et al. 2004). assorted genetic modules can be included into complex gene networks also called genetic systems or devices use a plug-and-play strategy (Kobayashi et al. 2004). These gene networks are then commenced into a well-characterized, steady waiter cell known as a chassis, which supplies the essential raw materials and computer backup machinery. Operation of the artificial genetic device imparts new functionalities to the host and makes a microbial cell factory that is capable of performing preferred tasks.Autoinducers are very useful as input signals as they are little, dissipate freely in aqueous media, and are simply taken up through cells. As the engineered cells synthesize QS signals by themselves, they are able to encounter their own cell density with modulate their activities appropriately, thereby falling the sine qua non for outer rampart(Brenner et al. 2007).Scientists have devised QS-inducible mammalian genetic circuits by mixing bacterial QS receptors with all a eukaryotic transactivation domain or with a eukaryotic transcription repressor domain (reviwed from Neddermann et al. 2003 Weber and Fussenegger 2009 Weber et al. 2005 Weber et al. 2003 Williams et al. 2004).These synthetic gene regulation systems will have functions in drug find, tissue engineering, and also industrial production of biochemicalsduring mammalian cell culture.Consumption of a bistable pommel module gives a pointed(ON or OFF) or binary profile of end gen e expression depending on the store concentration. Engineered QS systems including bistable switches are probable to be extremely useful in industrial production of toxic gene products and in designing purlieual biosensors. Scientistshave used components of the V. fischeri Quorum Sensing system to engineer spatio-temporally keeping up cell to cell communication in E. coli (Basu et al. 2004). Depending on the comparative distri furtherion of Sender and Receiver cells in a 2-D matrix, different reporter formats such as bullseye, ellipse, oval, heart, and clover were formed. Moreexpansion of this research into programming spatial patterning in 3-D will have applications in biosensing, tissue engineering, plus fabrication of biomaterials.Quorum Sensing like cell-to-cell communication systems have also been developed by using metabolites, antibiotics, hormonesor volatile compounds to give signals to extract a cell-density dependent population-wide reactions (Bulter et al. 2004 Chen and Weiss 2005 Weber et al. 2007). The capacity to develop QS type communication systems using non-Quorum Sensing signals considerablygrows the design possibilities for genetic engineering systems. Through inserting the producing signal components in one species, and the receptor in another, scientists have engineered inter and intra-kingdom communications among bacteria, yeast, plants, and mammalian cells (Balagadde et al. 2008 Brenner et al. 2007 Weber et al. 2007). Depending on the planned synthetic communication device, relationships like predator-prey, commensalism, mutualism, amensalismand parasitism were revealdamong the communication species.Different from engineering inter-species communication, Quorum Sensing based genetic devices can control diverse features of mixed-species fermentations. Forcase, basedon QS population control circuits can be used to manage the cell densities of the contributing species (You et al. 2004). Based on QS gene-expression circuits can also be us ed to initiate expression of mark genes when the cell densities of contributing species fix a definite threshold (Brenner et al. 2007).At present, the majority of the engineered QS devices are build on Gram-negative AHL systems, which, as stated previously, are absolutely unreliable.Various applications of Quorum SensingBiosensorsAn interesting application of Quorum Sensing is in the engineering of whole cell microbial biosensors to distinguish pathogenic microbes present in the environment with diseased host organisms. Quorum Sensing have also been used to produce engineered bacteria capable of attacking cancer cells. It is probable to visualize the creation of new anti-cancer therapeutics by the addition of cancer-destructing elements to these microbial biosensors. Another function of QS and quorum fulfill lies in the designing of transgenic plants that are able to protect themselves against general bacterial pathogens.Pathogen symptomatics and therapeuticsThe majority of the w hole cell QS biosensors that have been explained so out-of-the-way(prenominal) recognize Gram-negative AHLs (Kumari et al. 2008 Steindler and Venturi 2007). A standard AHL biosensor contains an AHL responsive transcriptional regulator also a cognate promoter, which directs the transcription of a reporter gene. It has been recommended that QS signals only can be used as markers for the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in clinical and environmentalsamples. Thus, QS signals should not be engaged as the only inputs for microbial biosensors. However, Quorum sensing based amplification circuits can still be used to engineer biosensing circuits to find the occurrence of pathogenic microbes in contaminated ground wet products, dairy, and tenderness products. Upcoming design directions willinclude the formation of ingestible whole cell biosensors by entering QS-based bio- sensing devices into GRAS organisms such as lactic acid bacteria(Konings et al. 2000). Such diagnostic biosensors wou ld be much useful in identifying the existence of pathogens in the catgut micro flora. So collecting these resultsbring up the exciting possibility that afterlife QS-based microbial biosensors may possibly not only detect pathogens, but also increase a concerted reaction against them.Cancer detectionThe P. aeruginosa Quorum Sensing signal 3-oxo-C12- HSL reduces proliferation alsoinduceapoptosis breast cancer cell lines in human(Li et al. 2004).BiocontrolThe rhizosphere is a limited region of soil that surroundings a plants roots and is affect by secretions from the root also soil microbes in the vicinity. Quorum sensing bacteria form amain component of the rhizosphere community. Scientists have also engaged quorum-quenching enzymes to slack bacterial virulence against plants. This researchproposes that engineering the production also secretion of quorum- quenching enzymes into plants and plant-associated microbes can also serve as a crop protection plan. Though, QS systems also c ontrolnecessary functions in useful rhizosphere bacteria, as well as biofilm formation, antibiotic production, and nitrogen fixation (Muller et al. 2009 Sanchez-Contreras et al. 2007). More research is therefore essential to understand the promising effects of quorum quenching on plant biochemical pathways. In brief, while quorum quenching is an attr alive(p) approach for biocontrol, more research isessential to discuss its safety and efficacy.Prevention of biofoulingBiofouling is the increase of bacteria, algaealso animals like protozoans and crustaceans on nears that prolonged contact with water. Biofouling can happen on surfaces as assorted as pipes, tanks, ship hull, membrane bioreactors, medical or dental implants, and catheters. This unwantedgrowth of living organisms and their secretions lead to contamination, colonization, also corrosion of machine parts expose to water and reduce machine efficiency. Incorporation of Quorum Sensing inhibitors on the device surface is a pos sible strategy for declining P. aeruginosa biofouling of surgical implants. QS inhibition may be used to givedefense against many pathogens that rely on QS to start biofilm development.Recombinant gene expressionPossibly one of the exciting areas for research in quorum sensing is the synthesis of recombinant gene products withmetabolic engineering. Quorum sensing has been used to control gene expression and cellular growth. Brief reviews by Toniatti et al. (Toniatti C, et al 2004) discusssome of the progress in control of gene expression through the perceptions of possible gene therapy applications.Pathogen/ cuss managementPathogen and pest (i.e. some organism whose existence in a specific environment is undesirable) management include well-nigh of the present applications of quorum-sensing technology. Inhibition of quorum signalling is theevident and, in practice, most appreciated application of quorum-sensing knowledge.CHAPTER 3New technologies in Quorum SensingThe discovery of a ntibiotics early in the past century marked the beginning of vigorous control and prevention of infectious microbial diseases. However, extensive use of antibiotics has also unavoidably resulted in the emergence of superbugs that resist conventional antibiotics. The finding that many pathogens rely on cell-to-cell communication mechanisms, known as quorum sensing, to synchronize microbial activities essential for infection and survival in the host suggests a promising disease control strategy, i.e. quenching microbial quorum sensing or in short, quorum quenching. Work over the past few years has demonstrated that quorum-quenching mechanisms are widely conserved in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. These naturally occurring quorum-quenching mechanisms wait to play important roles in microbe-microbe and pathogen-host interactions and have been used, or served as lead compounds, in developing and formulating a new generation of antimicrobials.An advance cartoon of bacteria l quorum sensing process can facilitate development of novel technologies intended at interfering with bacterial communication and virulence.The call quorum sensing explains the capability of a microorganism to recognize and response to diffusible signal molecules. Bacterial cells sense their inhabitants density by a complicated cell-to-cell communication system also triggers expression of exact genes.Quorum sensing in SeaweedsExplaining this title, the quorum sensing is wider spread among bacterial population then was previously thought, in Gram positive, Gram-negative bacterial communication. Followed by this numerous researchers have concluded that in Gram negative bacteria acyl-homoserine lactone is dependable for the cell to cell communication system.In gram-positive bacteria peptide and derivative peptide based signaling molecules appear to be the main mode of communication. Throughout high cell density the marine bacteria can produce enzymes, surfactants, toxins, antibiotics by the chemical signal communication. Marine epibiotic bacteria are also identified to produce compounds active beside drug resistant hospital pathogen by the cross species induction process. capital of Texas described in building on assays (Billaud and Austin 1990) a display method has been developed in which marine bacteria are gift by exposing them to terrestrial bacteria prior to assay of antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, in currentstudies it is proposed to search the abilities of seaweed epibiotic bacterial organisms to createantibacterial compounds by quorum sensing. Theseconclusions have important consequences for the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds from marine bacteria and might allow the growth of novelprocess for cover version new compounds effective against multidrug resistant bacteria.CHAPTER 4ConclusionQuorum Sensing plays a main role in controlling a diversity of microbial cell activities, like biofilm formation and virulence, that considerably impact hu man health, agriculture, marine, commercial manufacture and transport systems. As mentioned in above applications of QS there are many areas that are fully touched by QS method. Therefore, significant research efforts are needed to understanding Quorum Sensing and the growth of strategies to disrupt and invite Quorum Sensing. Our understanding of quorum-sensing mechanisms currently restricts applications for quorum sensing. Though there has been progress made in the use of quorum sensing, more understanding of quorum functionality is necessary before the control of this joyride can be completely raised. However, the full-scale management of the bacterial quorum circuit in a biotechnological application yet to be an unconvinced goal.More studyand deep research is needed to uncover andthe details of QS in a diversity of microbial species, with Gram- positive bacterias and fungis. The task of QS in microbial populations, with Quorum Sensing crosstalk and signal specificity, is anothe r significant area of research and study that will influence strategies to prevent biofilm formation and for biocontrol.Quorum sensing seems to be a distinctive example of how the exploitation of bacteria cell-to-cell communication in biotechnology can be used to significantly drive the growth and development of medicine, diagnosis tics, therapies and gene control. For sure, it will influence every part of biology, with novel research and technologies in science world.

Gawain, noble or naïve? Essay -- Essays Papers

Gawain, dire or nave?Gawain, nephew of the celebrated Arthur of the Round Table, is show as the most dread of knights in the poem Sir Gawain and the kelvin Knight. Nonetheless, he is not with egress fault or demerit, and is certainly susceptible to conflict. Gawain, bound to chivalry, is bust between his knightly edicts, his well-bred obligations, and his mortal thoughts of self-preservation. This conflict is most transp bent in his failure of the tests represent by the wicked Morgan le Fay. With shifty tests of temptation and courage, Morgan is able to grow a mockery of the courtly and knightly ideal, through Gawains failure of these tests. By satirizing the effects of Gawains inner conflicts, the unnamed Gawain poet reveals that howevering the best of men are innately selfish and subject to thoughts poisonous to the lofty code. In put up to satirize Gawains courtly ways, the poet must prime(prenominal) convey a adept of chivalric quintessence in Gawain toward the contributor, wholly to later mock that mavin of perfection with failure. This quintessence is created in cave in through the diction employ to describe Gawain throughout the poem. He is exposit as dread and goodly on more than one occasion, crowing the reader a arbitrary perception of the poems hero (405, 685). This sublime depend of Gawain is further substantiated by his noble acceptance of the Green Knights beheading spunky, in order to release the magnate outright from his obligation (365). Even among famed knights such as Yvain and Agravain, two worthy of exaltation, Gawain was the first to accept the Green Knights terms. His acceptance of the beheading game when no other knight would allows the reader to assume that Gawain represents the most noble of Arthurs court. Lastly, even the... ...mocks Arthurs court and his so-called honor, and is in concordance with Morgan le Fays broadcast to make a fool out of Arthur and his knights. Although Gawains actions are not c hivalrous and makes the court appear foolish, he learns a lesson from his actions. He realizes the disgrace in his actions, calling his own heart yellow and covetous (2374). By taking responsibility for his actions, Gawain allows the reader to forgive him. This grace is allowed because the conflicts within Gawain force him into situations that volition result in unavoidable disaster. By showing the reader that even the best of knights is not perfect, the poet reveals that the balance between knightly morals, courtliness, and thoughts of selfishness is able to be breached. Works CitedSir Gawain and the Green Knight. Trans. by Marie Borroff. capital of the United Kingdom W.W. Norton and Company, 1967. Gawain, noble or nave? Essay -- Essays PapersGawain, noble or nave?Gawain, nephew of the famed Arthur of the Round Table, is depicted as the most noble of knights in the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Nonetheless, he is not without fault or demerit, and is cer tainly susceptible to conflict. Gawain, bound to chivalry, is torn between his knightly edicts, his courtly obligations, and his mortal thoughts of self-preservation. This conflict is most evident in his failure of the tests posed by the wicked Morgan le Fay. With devious tests of temptation and courage, Morgan is able to create a mockery of the courtly and knightly ideal, through Gawains failure of these tests. By satirizing the effects of Gawains inner conflicts, the unnamed Gawain poet reveals that even the best of men are innately selfish and subject to thoughts reprehensible to the chivalrous code. In order to satirize Gawains courtly ways, the poet must first convey a sense of chivalric quintessence in Gawain toward the reader, only to later mock that sense of perfection with failure. This quintessence is created in part through the diction used to describe Gawain throughout the poem. He is described as noble and goodly on more than one occasion, giving the reader a positive p erception of the poems hero (405, 685). This sublime view of Gawain is further substantiated by his noble acceptance of the Green Knights beheading game, in order to release the king outright from his obligation (365). Even among famed knights such as Yvain and Agravain, both worthy of exaltation, Gawain was the first to accept the Green Knights terms. His acceptance of the beheading game when no other knight would allows the reader to assume that Gawain represents the most noble of Arthurs court. Lastly, even the... ...mocks Arthurs court and his so-called honor, and is in concordance with Morgan le Fays plan to make a fool out of Arthur and his knights. Although Gawains actions are not chivalrous and makes the court appear foolish, he learns a lesson from his actions. He realizes the disgrace in his actions, calling his own heart cowardly and covetous (2374). By taking responsibility for his actions, Gawain allows the reader to forgive him. This forgiveness is allowed because the conflicts within Gawain force him into situations that will result in unavoidable disaster. By showing the reader that even the best of knights is not perfect, the poet reveals that the balance between knightly morals, courtliness, and thoughts of selfishness is able to be breached. Works CitedSir Gawain and the Green Knight. Trans. by Marie Borroff. London W.W. Norton and Company, 1967.

Women Have the Right to Choose Abortion Essay -- Papers Argumentative

Women Have the Right to Choose AbortionAn miscarriage is a womans excerpt to terminate a pregnancy. It is an inducedmiscarriage. Abortion has become an extremely disputable topic in the past 3 decadessince it has been legalized. There has been extreme effect stemming from this issuethat we as a country need to put beneath control, regardless of our personal stances on theissue.There are many reasons wherefore a woman would choose to have an spontaneous abortion. Shedoes not feel she is falsify to be a parent, she can not afford a baby, and macrocosm too youngor immature to be responsible for some other life are further three of these reasons. If a womanbecomes large(predicate) due to a rape or from incest would be another reason. It has been raise that almost fifty per cent of all women will have an abortion by the time they reach45. Is this number increasing since the legalization of abortion? Probably not,considering the fact that before abortions were legal they were still being preformed. Theonly difference is now they are safer.Before 1965, abortion was somewhat taboo. No one dared to even discuss theissue. Abortion was frowned upon and considered evil therefore it remained a veryprivate issue. Abortions were performed by doctors, nurses, midwives, evenchiropractors. Being that abortions were not performed in a hospital or clinic, anyonewho felt like it could become an abortionist. These abortions were referred to as back-alley abortions. They were unsafe and lead to the deaths of many women, just now in 1933 itwas estimated that closely 2 million were performed (Grisey). This proves to us thatregardless if abortion is legal or not, if a woman feels she needs to have one she is goingto. The prices of thes... ... to an summation in child abuse and neglect. I am not further the use ofabortion as a method of birth control, but accidents will happen. Some people areresponsible enough to be intimate with these accidents, but so me feel that they are not ready to influence a child into this world. If a mother feels she can not mighty care for a child, isntit better for the fetus to be aborted before it is brought into a world where it can not beproperly loved, cared for and supported?Bibliography full treatment Cited1. Grady, John L, Abortion Yes or No. (no printing press). Florida,1972.2. Grisey, Germain, Abortion the Myths, the Realities and the Argument.Corpus Books, newborn York,1970.3. ODonnell, Thomas J, Medicine and Christian Morality. Alba House, New York, 19764. www.plannedparenthood.org/abortion.html5. www.religioustolerance.org/abortion.htm

Discuss Some Of The Main Ideas Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sigmund Freud considered himself a scientist whose excogitation was to find a physiological and materialist basis for his theories of the psyche. Freud revolutionised the way in which we gauge about ourselves. From its beginnings as a theory of neurosis, Freud founded and developed psychoanalysis into a general psychology, which became widely accepted as the predominant mode of discussing personality, doings and interpersonal relationships. Freud, who had been studying neuropathology, left Vienna in 1885 to continue his studies in Paris under the guidance of Jean Martin Charcot. This proved to be the bout point in his cargoner, for Charcots work with patients classified as hysterics introduced Freud to the surmise that psychological disorders capacity have their source in the mind alternatively than the brain. Charcots hypnotic experiments demonstrated the link between hysterical symptoms such as paralysis of a limb and hypnotic suggestions to cure the paralysis. Although Fr eud later abandoned his faith in hypnosis, hypnotic experiments taught Freud that mental processes that took place unconscious(p)ly could have a powerful effect on behaviour.It was Freud who drew our precaution to the unconscious mind. If we liken the mind to an iceberg, the nine tenths below the airfoil is the unconscious in which there are many mental processes going on that we have little control of. Our conscious mind is above the surface it is what we are fully aware of and contains our perception, thought and memory. Freud also spoke of the preconscious which might include material put out of our conscious mind plainly which may be retrievable.Freudian psychoanalytical theory states that there are three agencies of the human personality. Below the surface is our id, these are our social and biological instincts such as hunger, thirst and self-preservation. The id seeks outlet in the pleasure hint with no regard to reality. It is our awareness of the outside world, our me mory, perception and learning. The Ego develops to grant the impulses of the id with the demands of reality. It is our awareness of the outside world, our memory, perception and learning. The super ego develops later in varying degrees. It is like a conscience and brings in values and ethical motive from parents and society and enables us to feel guilt.Freud grouped together ego and intimate instincts calling ... ...iar to most of us today.Psychoanalysis is a term that Freud coined in 1896. As a therapist he used mental quite a than physical means to achieve behavioural or attitudinal change. One of Freuds greatest achievements was his capacity to stimulate the creativity of others and his ideas have been developed by his many followers. Where Freud was perhaps wrong was in making psychosexual growth so central that all other forms of social and emotional training were conceived as being derived from it.However, despite repeated criticism and attempted refutations of Freuds wor k, his ideas remained powerful well after his death and the general way in which psychoanalysis and other forms of psychotherapy are conducted is still based on Freuds procedure, and remains one of his most enduring legacies.BIBLIOGRAPHYStorr A1996FreudOxford University urgeStevens R1994Freud and PsychoanalysisOpen University Press

Essay --

human being War II was perhaps the most destructive warfare to shame the earth. The war took an unfathomable amount of lives some 17 million soldiers and a countless number of innocent civilians who died as a result of starvation and bombings, or Hitlers deliberate campaigns of mass murder through concentration camps. human beings War I helped to create some of the conditions that lead to the Second being War. The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement that was signed and took away the fundamental Powers of territory and arms from Germany, Austria, Turkey, Hungary, and Bulgaria. This left them with very heavy wartime reparations that needed to be paid, causing much bitterness. The war took a heavy toll on European economies and everyplacely helped with the unfortunate coming of the Great Depression. The Treaty also disappointed both Italy and lacquer as Victors of the war. The Nipponese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, punctuate the stage for the linked States entrance into the war. The surprise attack on the United States Navy by Japanese forces was intended as a preventative action in order to keep the US Pacific flit from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in selenium Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Almost at the same time, Japanese warplanes attack the Philippines and two U.S. islands Wake and Guam, which are later occupied. Japanese legions invade Malaya and Thailand and seize Shanghai. Later in December Japanese array invade Burma and Hong Kong. The United States declared war on Japan the next day, December 8, 1941. Japan entered into a war against the two most mightily navies in the world, the United States and Britain. Three da... ... a base for an expected infringement of Japan. US forces win in July and the US liberates Manila, Philippines after deadly and approximate street battles. Back over in Europe, US tr oops successfully cross the Rhine River and the Air Force use about 1,250 planes to lead the heaviest propagate raid against Berlin. The War in Europe is winding down and by April of 1945, the leader of Germany, Adolf Hitler, commits suicide, and by May, Germany surrenders. The United States is still at war with Japan and so on August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima and the second on August 9, 1945 on Nagasaki, killing well over 100, 000 people and causing the Japanese to surrender on August 14, 1945. The war ushered in the atomic age and was quickly followed by the collapse of the wartime league between the United States and the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Cold War.

Global Warming is Here. Now What? Essay -- Climate Change, Synthesis E

Global warming denial and unprogressive sinew outlooks ar all products of not seeing the full picture. The evidence is clear, level(p) in nature. Plants are blooming earlier, animals are waking up from hibernation earlier, birds are migrating farther north, and populations of animals have already gone extinct due to orbiculate warming. Yet, some still stay stern in denying its reality. That being said, even so honest open-minded people can fall prey to take notions and statistics. To truly uncover the truth, we need to see the full picture. While researching mood change, with the mountains of false or cherry-picked data out there, you certainly learn to be skeptical of a sources creditability. You also, learn the importance of getting the full picture, sooner than just a partial one. Heres a few examples, of what Im talking about. A while back many were convinced that be take in CO2 follows global go up temperature increase by about 800-1000 years, that CO2 as a example of global warming was disproved. Which made sense how can a arrest follow a result? It seemed to go against the basic order of obtain and effect. Al Gore even strengthened the argument, by mistakenly sexual intercourse the audience in his video An Inconvenient Truth, that CO2 lead temperature. So when that statement turned out to be false, many people came to the remainder that climatologists were wrong about CO2, and if they were wrong about a major ca handling than maybe they were wrong about global warming all together. However, vague to most of those people at the time, climatologists were already very aware of CO2s retardent behind temperature. The complexity of the process was already known. It isnt a straight earlier cause and effect ordeal. The initiator is... ...ance of the greenhouse effect. Information I result use to explain the greenhouse effect.FORD PLANNING NEW ELECTRIC, crossbred AND PLUG-IN VEHICLES IN NEXT 4 YEARS. Ford Motor Company. N.p., n. d. Web. 13 whitethorn 2010. Information on the Ford Focus electric car. I could use the Ford Focus electric car as an example.Paddock, Barry. Nissan Leaf vs. the Chevrolet five Electric car war heats up New York International cable car Show. NY Daily News. N.p., 1 Apr. 2010. Web. 13 May 2010.Information on twain the Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt electric cars. Both cars can be used as example, and to show the difference in models. Edwards, Ross. Electric gondola Battery Swapping Station Launched in Japan. PriceWheels.com. N.p., 30 Apr. 2010. Web. 13 May 2010. Contains tuition on the Electric car replacement stations. Vital in explaining wherefore electric cars are the future.